Common Molecules

Question 1

What is meant by carboxylation?

Answer 1

Addition of –COO group

Question 2

What is meant by decarboxylation?

Answer 2

Removal of –COO group

Question 3

Answer 3

Acetaldehyde

_{formed from breakdown of ETOH}

Question 4

Answer 4

Acetoacetate

_{formed during ketogenesis}

Question 5

Answer 5

Acetone

_{formed during ketogenesis}

Question 6

Answer 6

Acetyl CoA

Question 7

Answer 7

Acetylcholine

Question 8

Answer 8

Adenine

Question 9

Answer 9

Adenosine

Question 10

Answer 10

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 11

Answer 11

Amylose

_{alpha-1,4 glycosidic}

Question 12

Answer 12

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate

_{formed during ketogenesis}

Question 13

Answer 13

Beta Lactam

_ABx

Question 14

Answer 14

cAMP

Question 15

Answer 15

Cytidine

Question 16

Answer 16

Cytosine

Question 17

ID the molecule shown

Which is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 17

D-Glucose

_{we know this because the OH is on the right in the fisher projection}

Carbonyl carbon

_{this is the carbon that is attacked intramolecularly by carbon 5}

Question 18

ID the molecule shown

Which carbon is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 18

D-glucose

_{we know it’s D-glucose because the highest numbered carbon (upper left corner) is R.}

Carbon 1 is the anomeric carbon

_{the carbon that has 2 oxygens attached to it (right-most carbon) You can prove this by viewing D-glucose in fisher projection form and performing an intramolecular nucleophillic attack.}

Question 19

Answer 19

Epinephrine

Question 20

Answer 20

Fructose

Question 21

Answer 21

Furan

Question 22

Answer 22

Furanose ring

_{comparison group for sugar naming (Aldofuranose/ Ketofuranose)}

_{“<strong>F</strong>uran, <strong>F</strong>ive” because it’s a 5-membered ring}

Question 23

ID the molecule shown

Which carbon tells alpha vs. beta?

Which carbon tells D/L?

Answer 23

Alpha-D-Galactose

_{the 4th carbon is emphasized because this is the differential between glucose and galactose. Glucose has an equatorial OH, while Galactose has an axial OH.}

Alpha/Beta is determined by carbon 1 (anomeric carbon)

it’s always good to “B Up”

D/L is determined by carbon 5, the penultimate carbon

Figure out chirality of the stereocenter. (R in this case)

Question 24

Answer 24

Beta-D-Glucose

_{we know it’s D-glucose because the highest numbered carbon is R.}

_{we know it’s Beta because the OH on carbon 1 (anomeric carbon) is up, and “It’s always good to B UP” because Beta sugars are more stable than Alpha sugars.}

Question 25

Answer 25

**Alpha-D-Glucose** _{we know it's D-glucose because the highest numbered carbon is R. we know it's alpha because the OH on carbon 1 (anomeric carbon) is down.}

Question 26

# ID the molecule shown Also, what bonds are pointed to below?

Answer 26

**Glycogen** alpha-1,4 and alpha 1,6

Question 27

Answer 27

**Guanine**

Question 28

Answer 28

**Guanosine**

Question 29

Answer 29

**Hemiacetal** _{Anomeric carbon has 2 oxygens attached}

Question 30

Answer 30

**Hydroquinone** _{No direct function in humans, it's derivatives are seen in coenzyme Q of the Electron transport chain}

Question 31

Answer 31

**Malonly CoA**

Question 32

Answer 32

**Maltose** _{Glucose + Glucose}

Question 33

What is the molecule on the left and right?

Answer 33

Left = **pyruvate** Right = **acetyl coA** _{PDC complex}

Question 34

Answer 34

**Prostaglandin**

Question 35

Answer 35

**Pyranose** _{useful for naming sugars}

Question 36

Answer 36

**Pyridine**

Question 37

Answer 37

**Quinone** _{ETC enzymes derive from this}

Question 38

Answer 38

**Sucrose** _{Glucose + Fructose}

Question 39

Answer 39

**Thymidine**

Question 40

Answer 40

**Thymine**

Question 41

Answer 41

**Ubiquinone** _{ETC co-factor}

Question 42

Answer 42

**Uracil**

Question 43

Answer 43

**Uridine**

Question 44

Answer 44

**Vitamin A** _{Retinol most notably produces pigment in the retina of the eye}

Question 45

Answer 45

**Vitamin B₁₂** _{Riboflavin helps convert carbohydrates into ATP}

Question 46

Answer 46

**Vitamin B₃** _{Niacin is for metabolism and helping to make some sex/stress hormones}

Question 47

Answer 47

**Vitamin B₅** _{Pantothenic Acid is needed to synthesize CoA}

Question 48

Answer 48

**Vitamin B₇** _{Biotin is important for metabolic pathways}

Question 49

Answer 49

Cellulose _{2 glucose sub-units connected via beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds}

Question 50

Answer 50

Cytidine 5' monophosphate

Question 51

Answer 51

Lactose _{Galactose + Glucose Beta-1,4 Glycosidic bond}

Question 52

Answer 52

Lactose _{Galactose + Glucose Beta-1,4 Glycosidic bond}

Question 53

ID the molecule shown below

Answer 53

**Porphyrin Ring** _{made up of several pyrrole subunits, this ring constitutes most of the molecular weight of hemoglobin molecules}

Question 54

ID the following molecule

Answer 54

Phosphatidylcholine