Definitions

Question 1

Illusion

Answer 1

Misperception of real stimulus

Question 2

Hallucination

Answer 2

Perception in the absence of real stimulus. Occurs in external space

Question 3

Hypnogogic

Answer 3

Occurring while going to sleep

Question 4

Hypnopompic

Answer 4

Occurring upon waking

Question 5

Delusion

Answer 5

A false, unshakeable idea or belief which is out of keeping with the patient’s educational, cultural and social background. It is held with extraordinary conviction and subjective certainty.

Question 6

Over-valued idea

Answer 6

A false or exaggerated belief sustained beyond logic or reason but with less rigidity than a delusion

Question 7

Misidentification delusions.

a) Capgras
b) Fregoli
c) Intermetamorphosis

Answer 7

a) Belief that (usually) a close relative or spouse has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.
b) Belief that various people the believer meets are actually the same person in disguise.
c) Intermetamorphosis is the belief that people in the environment swap identities with each other whilst maintaining the same appearance.

Question 8

Delusional perception.*
- Example

• Schneiderian 1st rank

Answer 8

A delusional belief resulting from a perception.
- For example, a perfectly normal event such as the traffic lights turning red may be interpreted by the patient as the defining moment when they realised they were being monitored by the government

Question 9

Extracampine hallucination.

- Example auditory and visual

Answer 9

Extracampine hallucinations are the hallucinations which are outside the limit of sensory apparatus.

• Extracampine auditory hallucinations: person can hear sounds of another person who is in another city without any medium like phone or internet etc.
• Extracampine visual hallucination: person says that he or she can see who is standing behind a wall

Question 10

Passivity phenomena*
4 types: AS IF

• Schneiderian 1st rank

Answer 10

Control by an external force of:

Actions, Somatic, Impulses or Feelings

Question 11

Thought insertion

Answer 11

The delusion that certain of ones thoughts are not ones own, but rather are inserted into ones mind.

Question 12

Thought withdrawal

Answer 12

The delusion that thoughts have been stolen from ones mind by an entity

Question 13

Thought broadcast

Answer 13

The delusion that ones thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others

Question 14

Thought echo

Answer 14

A form of auditory hallucination in which the patient hears his thoughts spoken aloud, either simultaneous with him thinking it or a moment or two afterwards.

Question 15

Thought block

Answer 15

A sudden interruption in the train of thought, leaving a blank

Question 16

Loosening of association

- AKA…?

Answer 16

A lack of logical association between succeeding thoughts. It gives rise to incoherent speech (in the absence of brain pathology).
It is impossible to follow the patients train of thought (knight’s move thinking/derailment)
- may be present in mania

Question 17

Circumstantiality

Answer 17

Irrelevant wandering in conversation. Talking at great length around the point
- may be present in mania

Question 18

Perserveration

Answer 18

Repetition of a word, theme or action beyond that point at which it was relevant and appropriate
- usually organic cause (eg. frontal lobe disorder, TBI, Wernicke’s)

Question 19

Clanging/punning

- What neurological disease may it commonly present in?

Answer 19

Connections between thoughts may be tenuous, and the patient uses rhyming and punning rather than concepts to link ideas
- Tourette’s syndrome

Question 20

Concrete thinking

Answer 20

Lack of abstract thinking, normal in childhood, and occurring in adults with organic brain disease and schizophrenia

Question 21

Flight of ideas

- Associated mainly with…?

Answer 21

A rapid flow of thought, manifested by accelerated speech with abrupt changes from one thought to distantly related ideas, the relation often being so tentative as for instance the sound (rhyming) of different utterances.
- A symptom of some mental illnesses, especially manic disorder.

Question 22

Tangentiality

Answer 22

The tendency to speak about topics unrelated to the main topic of discussion

Question 23

Pressure of speech

Answer 23

Is manifest in a very rapid rate of delivery, a wealth of associations which may be quite unusual, (e.g. rhymes and puns) and often wanders off the point of the original conversation.
- This is highly suggestive ofmania.

Question 24

Neologism

Answer 24

Neologisms – New word formations

Question 25

Confabulation

Answer 25

Giving a false account to fill a memory gap (not deliberate lie)

• Korsakoff’s psychosis (also have anterograde amnesia)