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Grade 8 Science > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system? What are the types of systems?

A

A system is a group of parts that work together to perform a function. Physical, social, natural, and manmade are the types of systems.

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2
Q

What are the components of a system?

A

The components of a system are force, input, output, side effect, and systems thinking.

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3
Q

What is consumerism?

A

Consumerism is the belief that happiness comes from buying goods and services.

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4
Q

What is a simple machine? Name the six types of simple machines.

A

A simple machine is a device that has one or two parts, and only needs one force to function. The six types of simple machines are: inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and the pulley.

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5
Q

What are the parts of a lever?

A

The parts of a lever are the fulcrum, which is the pivot point, the load arm, which leads to the mass being moved, and the input arm, where the force is applied.

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6
Q

What is magnitude? How is it measured?

A

Magnitude is a measure of how strong a force is. Magnitude is measured in Newtons, named after Isaac Newton.

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7
Q

What is mechanical advantage? How do you calculate it?

A

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force. To calculate MA, you do

  • effort arm length/load arm length
  • input distance/output distance
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8
Q

What is the difference between actual and ideal mechanical advantage?

A

Ideal mechanical advantage (MA), is the type we use in test and questions. It is not possible in real life, because it doesn’t include the fact that some force is lost due to friction. Actual MA includes that fact.

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9
Q

How do you calculate actual mechanical advantage?

A

To calculate actual MA, you do

-measured output force/measured input force.

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10
Q

What is work and how do you calculate it?

A

Work is the result when a force moves an object a distance. To calculate work, you must do force (Newtons) x distance (meters).

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11
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the ability to apply a force to an object to make it move a certain distance.

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12
Q

What is mechanical efficiency, and how do you calculate it ?

A

Mechanical efficiency is the percentage of input work that is turned into useful output work. To calculate it, you must do
-output energy (work)/input energy (work) x 100%.

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13
Q

What is a cell, and what does the cell theory state?

A

A cell is the basic unit of life. The cell theory says that

  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • all things are made of cells
  • all cells came from the first cells
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14
Q

What is magnification? What is field of view?

A

Magnification is the degree to which a specimen is enlarged. Field of view is the visible circle of the specimen that you can see through the ocular lens.

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15
Q

What is an organelle? Name all the organelles in a cell.

A

An organelle is a small structure in a cell that has a certain job. All the organelles in an animal cell
-cytoplasm: watery substance that containes the organelles.
-cell membrane: is the cell’s gatekeeper
-nucleus: stores genetic info, control centre
-chromosomes: store genetic info
-vacuoles: storage compartment, holds water and food
A plant cell has all the organelles in an animal cell and
-cell wall: protects cell, made of cellulose
-chloroplast: site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

How does a cell move?

A

A cell can use its flagella or cilia to move. The flagella is a long structure, and whiplike. The cilia are little projections that propel the cell forward.

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17
Q

What is diffusion? What is osmosis? What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Diffusion is when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane. A selectively permeable membrane is a membrane that only allows certain things in and out.

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18
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Turgor pressure is the outward pressure that is applied to a plant cell wall when the cell is full of water by osmosis.

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19
Q

What are endocytosis and exocyctosis?

A

Endocytosis is when a cell takes in things from its outside environment into the cytoplasm, and exocytosis is the exact opposite, where things inside the cell get transported to the outside environment.

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20
Q

What is an organism? What are the categories of organisms?

A

An organism is a living system that has parts that work together to survive. The categories of organisms are:

  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protists
  • bacteria
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21
Q

What are tissues, organs, and organ systems?

A

A tissue is a group of differentiated cells that work together to perform the same task. An organ is a group of tissues that work together. An organ system is a group of organs that work together.

22
Q

What are the five organ systems in the human body?

A

The five main organ systems in the human body are

  • circulatory system (blood)
  • respiratory system (breathe)
  • digestive system (eat, stomach, poo)
  • musculoskeletal (move, muscles)
  • nervous (brain, controls)
23
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A fluid is a material that has no fixed shape, and is free to flow.

24
Q

State the particle theory of matter.

A

the particle theory of matter:

  • all matter is made of tiny particles
  • particles have spaces between them
  • particle are always moving
  • particles move faster when heated
  • particles attract each other
25
Q

What are the types of flow?

A

Turbulent flow
-irregular, not smooth, chunky, mixing
laminar flow
-smooth, regular, calm

26
Q

What is flow rate, and how do you calculate it?

A

Flow rate is a measure of how quickly a fluid can move. It is measured in volume per unit time liters/second

27
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity is a mesaure of how easily a fluid’s particles can slide past each other.

28
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion is a measure of how strong the attraction between a fluid’s particles is.

29
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Surface tension is the strong attraction between the fluid particles that make up the surface.

30
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesion is the attraction between the particles of one substance and that of another.

31
Q

What are fluid mechanics?

A

Fluid mechanics are a study of how fluids behave when they are still and when they are moving.

32
Q

What is weight? What is mass? What is volume?

A

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. Mass is the amount of matter an object takes up. Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

33
Q

What is displacement?

A

Displacement is when an object takes the place of the fluid that it is in.

34
Q

What is density, and how do you calculate it?

A

Density is a measure of how mass per unit volume of a substance. To measure density, you do mass/volume.

35
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

Buoyancy is the upward force acting on an object in a fluid.

36
Q

What is a swim bladder? What is a ballast tank?

A

A swim bladder is the chamber in a fish the fills up with oxygen to allow them to alter their buoyancy. A ballast tank is a compartment in a ship or submarine that fills with water and air to allow the ship to alter its buoyancy.

37
Q

What are the types of fluid systems?

A

Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are the types of fluid systems.

38
Q

What is compressibility?

A

Compressibility is the ability to be squeezed into a smaller volume.

39
Q

What is pressure? What are the types of pressure?

A

Pressure is the force per unit area. The types of pressure are atmospheric pressure and water pressure.

40
Q

What is Pascal’s Law?

A

Pascal’s Law states that a force applied to a contained fluid will be equally distributed amongst all parts of the contained fluid.

41
Q

What is groundwater? What is runoff?

A

Groundwater is water that seeps through soil and is the source for underground wells. Runoff is the water from rain and snowmelt the flows over Earth’s surface.

42
Q

What is floc?

A

Floc is a sticky clump of solid waste.

43
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Sustainability is being able to use resources now so that future generations can have that same ability to use resources.

44
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

A contaminant is a undesirable substance in a mixture.

45
Q

What is a watershed?

A

A watershed is an area that is surrounded by highland, and is drained by a river.

46
Q

What is black/greywater?

A

Blackwater is water that contains poo or pee. Greywater is water that has been used for laundry, bathing, or things like that.

47
Q

What is weather and climate?

A

Weather are day to day and hour to hour conditions of your environment. Climate is the weather of an area over the course of 30 years or more.

48
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance a certain amount.

49
Q

What is a heat sink?

A

A heat sink is matter that can absorb thermal energy without its own temperature rising too much.

50
Q

Are you, classmate, gonna pass the exam?

A

TOTALLY!!!!!! :)

Grade 8 Science (5 decks)

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