Definitions

Question 1

Materialism

Answer 1

The mind and brain identical, only the material form exists

Question 2

Idealism

Answer 2

Mind and soul is only true level of existence

Question 3

Monism

Answer 3

Materialism, idealism and epiphenomenalism

Question 4

Double aspect monism

Answer 4

Mind and body are inseparable

Question 5

Epiphenomenalism

Answer 5

The material world is the most important layer of reality and we can’t be certain of much beyond it

Question 6

Dualism

Answer 6

Mind and brain are separable layers of reality

Question 7

Interactionism

Answer 7

Mind and body interact through some means (Descartes said pineal gland)

Question 8

Psychophysical parallelism

Answer 8

The mind influences the mental level of existence: the body influences the physical level

Question 9

Emergentism

Answer 9

Physical and mental sensations experienced in parallel but subjectively different

Question 10

Empiricism

Answer 10

Direct observation, experiment, and empirical evidence

Question 11

Rationalism

Answer 11

Reason and logic, thoughtfulness, insight, theory generating

Question 12

Determinism

Answer 12

Everything is predetermined; element of cause and effect

Question 13

Free will

Answer 13

Element of choice

Question 14

Voluntarism

Answer 14

Psychological science focuses on the causal mental processes underlying and driving voluntary behaviour

Question 15

Functionalism

Answer 15

Concerned with how the mind experiences this stuff, looking at development and adaptation of mental processes and experience

Question 16

Pragmatic approach

Answer 16

Scientific theories and concepts are instruments, not answers

Question 17

Individualism

Answer 17

Historical circumstances shape individuals, but individuals shape historical circumstances

Question 18

Pluralism

Answer 18

Errors stem from believing that any one phenomenon can be explained under one frame of reference. Pluralist positions view existence across three or more realities.

Question 19

Methodological pluralism

Answer 19

Large scope of enquiry (e.g. learning, sensing, emotion) and methods, rather than limiting to core area; promotes integrative approach

Question 20

Wundt

Answer 20

• opened first psych lab
• voluntarism
• double aspect monist
• structuralist

Question 21

James

Answer 21

• pluralist
• principles of psychology
• functionalist
• free will
• radical empiricism

Question 22

Watson

Answer 22

• behaviourism
• animal behaviour and instinct
• quantification and standardisation
• psychometric testing

Question 23

Pythagoras

Answer 23

• mathematical notion of truth
• ## liberal; had women in his group

Question 24

Protagoras

Answer 24

• no absolute truth
• truth subjective to each person
• no one’s truth better than another

Question 25

Descartes

Answer 25

• pineal gland seat of soul
• dualism: mind and body separate
• mechanistic view