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Chemistry Reactions > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in one atom of an element

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2
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons + the number of neutrons in 1 atom of an element

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and, therefore, different masses

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4
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space around the nucleus of an atom that can be occupied by up to 2 electrons, with opposite spins

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5
Q

First ionisation energy

A

Energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element (X(g) —-> X+(g) + e-)

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6
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

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7
Q

Cation/anion

A

A cation is a positive ion; and an anion is a negative ion

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8
Q

Covalent bonding

A

The attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

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9
Q

Dative covalent bonding

A

The attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of two atoms, with both of the shared electrons are provided by the same atom

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10
Q

Metallic bonding

A

The attraction between a lattice of positive ions and the sea of delocalised electrons

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11
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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12
Q

Polar bond

A

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, as a result of an electronegativity difference between the atoms involved

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13
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Attractive forces between molecules

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14
Q

Relative atomic mass (Ar)

A

weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

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15
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

Mass of one atom of an isotopes of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12. (N.B. Not average mass here)

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16
Q

Mole

A

The amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12

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17
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass of one mole of a substance (i.e.: the mass of the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12)

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18
Q

Avogadro’s constant

A

The number of particles in one mole of a substance. (Its value is 6.02×10 to the 23 - remember this is given on the data sheet)

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19
Q

Acid

A

A proton donor (H+ ion) donor. An acid disassociates into ions in water

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20
Q

Base

A

A proton acceptor

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21
Q

Alkali

A

A bass that dissolves in water releasing hydroxide ions OH-(aq) into the aqueous solution

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22
Q

Salt

A

A compound formed when the H+ in acid is replaced by a metal ion or NH4+ ion

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23
Q

Neutralisation

A

Reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt

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24
Q

Periodicity

A

A repeating pattern of properties across different periods

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25
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons/oxidation state becomes more positive

26
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons/oxidation state becomes less positive

27
Q

Disproportionation

A

Reaction involving oxidation and reduction of the same element

28
Q

Standard conditions

A

1 atm pressure and that the temperature of 25° (unless otherwise stated)

29
Q

Standard state

A

The state (solid/liquid/gas) a substance exists in, under standard conditions

30
Q

Enthalpychange of reaction

A

Enthalpy change associated with a stated equation

31
Q

Enthalpy change of formation

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements

32
Q

Enthalpy change combustion

A

Enthalpy Change for complete combustion of one mole of a substance

33
Q

Enthalpy change of neutralisation

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed in a neutralisation reaction

34
Q

Average bond Enthalpy

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of bonds in gaseous molecules are broken (average of this value for a range of substances)

35
Q

Hess’ law

A

The Enthalpy change is independent of the route taken

36
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being used up. It does this by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

37
Q

Homogenius/heterogeneous

A

In the same phase/in different phases

38
Q

Le Chatelier’s principle

A

If the system is at equilibrium and one of the conditions is changed, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that opposes the change

39
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds all having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

40
Q

General formula

A

And algebraic formula (using n) that represents all the members of a homologous series

41
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

42
Q

Alkyl group

A

A part of the molecule with general formula CNH2n+1 (E.g. methyl, ethyl, etc)

43
Q

Aliphatic

A

And organic compound or group that does not contain an aromatic ring

44
Q

Alicyclic

A

And organic compound or group that contains a non-aromatic ring (e.g. cyclohexene or a cyclohexyl group)

45
Q

Aromatic

A

And organic compound or compound containing a benzene ring

46
Q

Saturated

A

And organic compound or group with only single bonds between carbon atoms

47
Q

Unsaturated

A

And organic compound or group containing multiple bonds between carbon atoms

48
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

49
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space

50
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Covalent bond breaking in which each of the bonded atoms receives one electron from the shared pair, forming to radicals

51
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Covalent bond breaking, in which one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons from the shared pair

52
Q

Sigma minus bond

A

Covalent bond formed by overlap of orbitals directly between the nuclei of the bonded atoms

53
Q

Pi minus bond

A

A covalent bond formed by sideways overlap of P-orbitals, above and below the plane of the bonded atoms

54
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

55
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

56
Q

Nucleophile

A

An electron pair donor

57
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which a compound is broken down by reaction with water

58
Q

Quickfit

A

Apparatus for carrying out chemical processes, in which bits are connected together via ground glass joints

59
Q

Volatility

A

Ease of evaporation

60
Q

Reflux

A

A continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation and return to the original vessel

61
Q

Percentage yield

A

(Actual yield/maximum possible yield) X 100

62
Q

Atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products/some of Mr of all products) X 100

Chemistry Reactions (3 decks)

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