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My Nursing Knowledge and Research > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Falsification

A

Hypothesis testing

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statement of relationship between variables

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3
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

No difference. Presumed that groups have the same results regardless of the treatment.

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4
Q

Standardised

A

Can be repeated and verified

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5
Q

Validity

A

Must measure what it’s intended to measure. Credibility.

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6
Q

Reliability

A

Must be repeatable with consistent results. Dependability

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7
Q

BHC temporal relationship

A

Exposure always precedes the outcome, essential presence

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8
Q

BHS strength

A

Stronger the association the more likely the relation of ‘A’ to ‘B’ is causal

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9
Q

BHS dose-response

A

Increasing exposure increases the risk

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10
Q

BHS consistency

A

Find same results consistantly

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11
Q

BHS Plausibility

A

Agrees with current understandings of pathological processes (has theoretical base)

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12
Q

BHS Consideration of alternative explanations

A

And effectively ruled them out

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13
Q

BHS experiment

A

Condition can be altered and prevented by appropriate experiment

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14
Q

BHS specificity

A

When single cause produces specific effect (weakest criteria)

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15
Q

BHS coherence

A

Association should be compatible with existing theory and knowledge.

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16
Q

Paradigms

A

Patterns of belief and general assumptions.

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17
Q

Attention arm

A

Similar to intervention but without the active ingredient

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18
Q

Population

A

Target group we are interested in

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19
Q

Simple random (probability sampling)

A

Random selection of everyone on population list - rare because hard to get population list.

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20
Q

Stratified random (probability sampling)

A

Put in groups according to characteristics (like gender) and then randomly selected.

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21
Q

Cluster (probability sampling)

A

Useful when not everyone in population is known. Random selection of larger units (like hospitals) which participants are then randomly selected from

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22
Q

Systematic (probability sampling)

A

Random selection at predetermined intervals (E.g. every 20th person)

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23
Q

Probability sampling

A

Unbiased sample, everyone who meets criteria has chance of selection. Can work out probability.

24
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

Non-random, chance of being selected cannot be estimated.

25
Q

Single blind

A

One person knows which arm they’re in. (might be obvious which treatment they’re receiving). Person assessing the outcome doesn’t know which.

26
Q

Double blind

A

Neither the participant nor the person assessing the outcome knows the arm (E.g. placebo)

27
Q

Internal validity:

A

Results legitimate because of the way the study was conducted, did independent really change dependent?

28
Q

Another word for external validity

A

Generalizability

29
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Response to being in a study

30
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Ways of displaying and summarising data

31
Q

Nominal measurement

A

Labelling variables, no quantitative. (M/F, hair colour, area you live).

32
Q

Ordinal measurement

A

Order is important but differences between each is unknown

33
Q

Interval measurement

A

Know the difference between values, intervals. 50-60 degrees

34
Q

Ratio measurements

A

Same as interval but has clear 0 (height and weight)

35
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average

36
Q

Interquartile range

A

Difference between 20% and 75%

37
Q

Standard deviation

A

Subtract mean from each number, mean of remaining values.

38
Q

Variance

A

Standard deviation multiplied by self

39
Q

P value

A

Probability of obtaining your study results if the null hypothesis is true

40
Q

What can the P value be?

A

Between 0 and 1. (Closer to 0 =more likely null hypothesis should be rejected -> so there’s a difference, you were right).

41
Q

Statistical significance

A
  • Is often set at 5%.
  • If P≤0.05 it’s closer to 0, evidence to reject null hypothesis.
  • If P≥0.05 there is insufficient evidence to reject null hypothesis
42
Q

Power study

A

Probability of being able to detect difference between the study groups. Usually %. E.g. 80% power -> 80% chance of detecting difference.

43
Q

Confidence interval

A

Precision of the quantity of interest that is estimated

44
Q

Emic perspective

A

Insider’s point of view

45
Q

Constructivism

A

Construct social words. Individuals create meaning through interactions.

46
Q

Ethnography

A

Study of culture. Origins in Anthropology

47
Q

Phenomenology

A

Study of phenomena/ lived experience of individuals

48
Q

Grounded theory

A
  • Idea is to generate theory more than description.
  • Specific set of methods
  • Hypotheses generated
  • Developed by Glaser and Strauss
49
Q

Homogenous sampling

A

Opposite of maximum variation sampling. Example: first placement experience of male students.

50
Q

Theoretical sampling

A

Uses grounded theory. Used to find participants who will help the research build the theory.

51
Q

Data satuation

A

guides the sample size. Sampling stops when enough data has been collected, size not pre-determined.

52
Q

Concurrent data analysis

A

Reducing the data, analysing it during data collection and in grounded theory.

53
Q

Constant comparative analysis

A

To develop hypotheses, test them out at subsequent interviews.

54
Q

Thematic content analysis

A

Themes are given a code (word or phrase) Codes then collapsed into categories. After data already collected.

55
Q

Framework analysis.

A

Put data into categories..

56
Q

Objectivity

A

Confirmability.

My Nursing Knowledge and Research (3 decks)

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