Definitions Flashcards
Pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease
Transmission
Passing pathogen from one individual to another
Correlation
The change in one variable that is reflected by change in another
E.g. As one factor increases so does another
Risk
A measurement of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard
Digestion
The physical and chemical breakdown of food
Hydrolysis
Splitting up molecules by adding water to them
Assimilation
Incorporating broken down molecules into body tissues/ using them in the process
Monomer
One of many small molecules combine to form a larger one
Polymer
A larger molecule that is made up of repeating smaller molecules
Condensation reaction
Reaction combining two monosaccharides where water is removed
Glycosidic Bond
The bond between two monosaccharides to (create a disaccharide)
Peptide bond
The bond between two amino acids
Polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids
Hydrogen bonds
Bonds between hydrogen and an electronegative atom
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed to bring about a reaction
Active site
The region on an enzyme with the substrate fits
Substrate
The molecule on which the enzyme acts
Enzyme substrate complex
Formed when enzyme and a substrate fit together and form temporary bonds
Denature
Permanent changes in the structure of a protein
Enzymes active site changes shape to the substrate no longer fits
E.g. PH or temperature
Competitive inhibitor
A molecule that binds to the active site of the enzyme
Prevent substrate from reaching the active site
Temporary change
Resolution
The minimum distance apart two objects are, so that they look like separate objects under the microscope
Non-competitive inhibitor
Binds to the enzyme at a position other than the active site
Change the shape of the active site
Permanent change - substrate no longer complimentary to the active site
Cell fractionation
The process by which cells are broken up and organelles are separated out
Prokaryotic cells
Self select the nucleus and any membrane bound organelles
E.g. bacteria
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus, chromosomes and other membrane bound organelles
Saturated lipids
Fatty acids with only C-C single bonds
Unsaturated lipids
Fatty acids with one or more C=C double bonds
Hydrophilic
Molecules attracted to water
Hydrophobic
Molecules attracted to fat
The fluid Mosaic model
The structure of the cell surface membrane and it’s various molecules
Extrinsic proteins
Proteins on the surface of the bilayer
Intrinsic proteins
Proteins spanning the bilayer
Diffusion
The net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration
E.g. facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
The passage of water from a region of high water potential to region of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane
Active transport
The movement of molecules or ions into or out of the cell from a region of the lower concentration to region of higher concentration using energy and carrier molecules
Ventilation
Breathing in and out of lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Tidal volume X ventilation rate
Diffusion gradient
The movement of blood to help maintain diffusion gradients
Pulmonary fibrosis
The thickening of lung epithelia due to scarring
Asthma
An Allergic reaction where histamine is released and the airway linings become inflamed
Emphysema
Destruction of the elastic tissue in the lungs due to smoking
Atrial systole
Contraction of the atria
Ventricular systole
Contraction of the ventricles
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute
Myogenic
Contraction of the heart is initiated from within the muscle itself
Sino atrial node (SAN)
Sends out the initial wave of electrical activity to make the atria contract
Atrio ventricular node (AVN)
Sends A wave of electrical activity down the bundle of His, making the ventricles contract from the base upwards
Atheroma
Fatty deposit on the wall of an artery
Thrombosis
When an Atheroma breaks and a blood clot form
Aneurysm
Weakend artery walls swell and may burst
myocardial infarction
A heart attack
Low-density lipoproteins
Transport cholesterol to tissues that may get deposited
High-density lipoproteins
Remove cholesterol from tissues
Non-specific defences
Did you not distinguish between one type of pathogen from another
E.g. skin
Specific defences
Mechanisms that distinguish between different pathogens
E.g. lymphocytes
Phagocytosis
Pathogens are in golfed into vesicles (phagosomes) and are broken down by enzymes
Antigens
Part of an organism that is recognised as non-self and triggers an immune response
Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes recognise antigen-presenting cells that have been invaded and undergo mitosis to respond
Humoral immunity
Immunity involving B cells and antibodies
Antigenic variability
Viruses such as we have many different strains with different antigens on them
Antibodies
Proteins synthesised by B cells
Contain two heavy and two light chains
Antigen antibody complexes
Phone for an antigen is bind to specific site on the antibody
Monoclonal antibodies
Isolation and cleaning of a single type of antibody
Passive immunity
The introduction of antibodies from an outside source
Active immunity
Stimulation of Ab production by the individuals own immune system
Vaccination
The introduction of a substance into the body with the purpose of stimulating active immunity against a particular disease
Herd immunity
Vaccinating most of the population so that no one has the disease and transmission is stopped
What is peristalsis?
The muscular squeezing through the digestive system
What is a reducing sugar?
A sugar that can donate electrons
Reduce another chemical
