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Biology Unit 1 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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1
Q

Transmission

A

Passing pathogen from one individual to another

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2
Q

Correlation

A

The change in one variable that is reflected by change in another
E.g. As one factor increases so does another

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3
Q

Risk

A

A measurement of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard

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4
Q

Digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splitting up molecules by adding water to them

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating broken down molecules into body tissues/ using them in the process

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7
Q

Monomer

A

One of many small molecules combine to form a larger one

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8
Q

Polymer

A

A larger molecule that is made up of repeating smaller molecules

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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction combining two monosaccharides where water is removed

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10
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

The bond between two monosaccharides to (create a disaccharide)

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11
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between two amino acids

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12
Q

Polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between hydrogen and an electronegative atom

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to bring about a reaction

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15
Q

Active site

A

The region on an enzyme with the substrate fits

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16
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule on which the enzyme acts

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17
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

Formed when enzyme and a substrate fit together and form temporary bonds

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18
Q

Denature

A

Permanent changes in the structure of a protein
Enzymes active site changes shape to the substrate no longer fits
E.g. PH or temperature

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19
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to the active site of the enzyme

Prevent substrate from reaching the active site

Temporary change

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20
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance apart two objects are, so that they look like separate objects under the microscope

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21
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

Binds to the enzyme at a position other than the active site

Change the shape of the active site

Permanent change - substrate no longer complimentary to the active site

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22
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The process by which cells are broken up and organelles are separated out

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Self select the nucleus and any membrane bound organelles

E.g. bacteria

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24
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells that have a nucleus, chromosomes and other membrane bound organelles

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25
Q

Saturated lipids

A

Fatty acids with only C-C single bonds

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26
Q

Unsaturated lipids

A

Fatty acids with one or more C=C double bonds

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27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules attracted to water

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28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules attracted to fat

29
Q

The fluid Mosaic model

A

The structure of the cell surface membrane and it’s various molecules

30
Q

Extrinsic proteins

A

Proteins on the surface of the bilayer

31
Q

Intrinsic proteins

A

Proteins spanning the bilayer

32
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration
E.g. facilitated diffusion

33
Q

Osmosis

A

The passage of water from a region of high water potential to region of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane

34
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of molecules or ions into or out of the cell from a region of the lower concentration to region of higher concentration using energy and carrier molecules

35
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing in and out of lungs

36
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Tidal volume X ventilation rate

37
Q

Diffusion gradient

A

The movement of blood to help maintain diffusion gradients

38
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

The thickening of lung epithelia due to scarring

39
Q

Asthma

A

An Allergic reaction where histamine is released and the airway linings become inflamed

40
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of the elastic tissue in the lungs due to smoking

41
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction of the atria

42
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

43
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

44
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute

45
Q

Myogenic

A

Contraction of the heart is initiated from within the muscle itself

46
Q

Sino atrial node (SAN)

A

Sends out the initial wave of electrical activity to make the atria contract

47
Q

Atrio ventricular node (AVN)

A

Sends A wave of electrical activity down the bundle of His, making the ventricles contract from the base upwards

48
Q

Atheroma

A

Fatty deposit on the wall of an artery

49
Q

Thrombosis

A

When an Atheroma breaks and a blood clot form

50
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weakend artery walls swell and may burst

51
Q

myocardial infarction

A

A heart attack

52
Q

Low-density lipoproteins

A

Transport cholesterol to tissues that may get deposited

53
Q

High-density lipoproteins

A

Remove cholesterol from tissues

54
Q

Non-specific defences

A

Did you not distinguish between one type of pathogen from another
E.g. skin

55
Q

Specific defences

A

Mechanisms that distinguish between different pathogens

E.g. lymphocytes

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Pathogens are in golfed into vesicles (phagosomes) and are broken down by enzymes

57
Q

Antigens

A

Part of an organism that is recognised as non-self and triggers an immune response

58
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes recognise antigen-presenting cells that have been invaded and undergo mitosis to respond

59
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity involving B cells and antibodies

60
Q

Antigenic variability

A

Viruses such as we have many different strains with different antigens on them

61
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins synthesised by B cells

Contain two heavy and two light chains

62
Q

Antigen antibody complexes

A

Phone for an antigen is bind to specific site on the antibody

63
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Isolation and cleaning of a single type of antibody

64
Q

Passive immunity

A

The introduction of antibodies from an outside source

65
Q

Active immunity

A

Stimulation of Ab production by the individuals own immune system

66
Q

Vaccination

A

The introduction of a substance into the body with the purpose of stimulating active immunity against a particular disease

67
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccinating most of the population so that no one has the disease and transmission is stopped

68
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The muscular squeezing through the digestive system

69
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A sugar that can donate electrons

Reduce another chemical

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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