Definitions

Question 1

What is Mitosis?

Answer 1

Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs only in somatic cells, where a parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 2

When is Mitosis used?

Answer 2

Growth and Repair, maintains large SA:V ratio, Asexual Reproduction and Replacement.

Question 3

What is Cellular Respiration?

Answer 3

The process of turning glucose into ATP.

Question 4

What is the Photosynthesis word equation?

Answer 4

water + carbon dioxide -> (sunlight/chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen

Question 5

Explain the photosynthesis word equation:

Answer 5

Plants use light, water (from roots) and carbon dioxide (from stomata) to produce glucose (main product) and oxygen (byproduct)

Question 6

What is glucose?

Answer 6

Glucose is the sugar plants use to make ATP via cellular respiration.

Question 7

Name the two types of Cellular Respiration:

Answer 7

Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

Question 8

What is the anaerobic word equation?

Answer 8

Glucose -> Lactic acid + ATP

Question 9

What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

Answer 9

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Question 10

Name the two types of transport across the cell membrane:

Answer 10

Passive Transport: no energy required
Active transport: energy required

Question 11

Diffusion takes place during photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Explain what diffuses and how:

Answer 11

Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide diffuses from the air into the lead because carbon dioxide is lower in lead cells that in the air because that is where it is being used up.
Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream through the cell membrane into the muscle cells, oxygen is constantly used up in the muscle cells.

Question 12

What is Osmosis

Answer 12

The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 13

What are enzymes?

Answer 13

Enzymes are biological catalysts built out of protein with an active site which binds to a substrate.

Question 14

Enzyme models:

Answer 14

Lock and key: enzyme doesn’t change shape and shape of active site corresponds to the enzyme.
Induced fit: enzyme does change shape and folds to fit the substrate perfectly.

Question 15

Where does the light dependent phase of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 15

It takes place on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Light energy is absorbed by a pigment found in the thylakoid membrane called chlorophyll.

Question 16

Where does the light independent phase of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 16

NADPH carries hydrogen molecules produced during light dependent phase into the stroma.

Question 17

Adaptations in Structure of a Leaf

Answer 17

Waxy cuticle prevents water loss

Grana being a stack increases surface area -> more space available for absorption to occur

Chloroplasts are pushed close to cell membrane to reduce diffusion distance of CO2 going into chloroplast and oxygen going out.
They also move inside the perimeter of the cell to get more light because vacuole takes up so much space.

Under palisade layer there are spongy cells which allow gases to diffuse easily.

Question 18

Name the steps of DNA replication:

Answer 18

1. Unwinding double helix (hydrogen bonds broken)
2. Complementary Base Pairing (new nucleotides pair to exposed bases)
3. Extending daughter strands (nucleotides bound together to form new daughter strand. Always built in 5’ to 3’ direction.) there is a leading and lagging strand, lagging strand is built in okazaki fragments which an enzyme must bind together.
4. Two identical DNA molecules formed (each molecule has one strand that is template and one daughter strand.)
5. DNA condenses into chromosomes by supercoiling itself.