definitions Flashcards
social citizenship
Dwyer- it is possible to move towards a more concrete definition of social citizenship by initially noting three salient points made by Lewis
o the citizen is one way of imagining a link between the state and the individual
o the concept of citizenship implies membership of some form of community, in turn the notion of community opens up questions of inclusion and exclusion;
o citizenship is a social status that allows people to make claims in relation to state-organised welfare services.
Marhsall - the provision of social rights and benefits by the state to ensure the welfare and well-being of its citizens.
citizenship
Marshall -citizenship is the ‘entitlements and responsibilities’ ie. rights and obligations that come with being a member of a national community - by virtue of being a member, each is of equal status
welfare regime
EA- “in the relation between state and economy a complex of legal and organizational features are systematically interwoven.”
-regimes defined by their political ideologies and power relations
-these are ideal types - clusters of dimensions
Decommodification
degree to which services are provided as a right or by market
Etatism (Bismarck)-
state intervention to address social issues and maintain social order. Control of state over citizens and the economy- a belief in the supremacy and intervention of the state in economic and social affair. Not altruism but to udnermine socialiist appeal
Stratification -
does social policy foster or preclude solidarities/class divisions?
Defamilisation
refers to the process by which individuals and families become less reliant on the family as a primary source of economic and social support, and more dependent on formal institutions and mechanisms provided by the state or other organizations.
Regime –
unifying logic to it. More than the sum of parts, unifying logic that unifies values and political economy. Unifying, historically embedded construct
Power resources theory –
politics of the welfare state as a battle between capital and labour over the expansiveness of the welfare state at every election. Social policy is created by interest groups using their power to make a difference and advocate for their interests.
Absolute social mobility (G+B, 2019) :
concerned with ‘shape’ of class structure - possible to be positive sum - changing the class structure - count the instances of people moving
Relative social mobility (G+B, 2019) :
measure of fluidity - distribution of chances to be mobile - increase must raise upward and downward mobility by exactly the same amount (zero-sum)
OED triangle:
Origin, Educational attainment, Destination -
OED triangle and egalitarian ideal
Egalitarian ideal is weak links between OE and OD but strong between ED
Inequality
Unequal rewards or opportunities for different individuals within a group or groups within a society.’ (Ox ref)
Poverty
‘lack of sufficient means to enjoy a standard of living considered normal and acceptable in a given society’ (ox ref)
Education as a positional good :
Goldthorpe (2016) - means the value of education is always relative - value compared to others - means rising tide lifts all boats argument is silly
Achievement gap :
‘any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households.’
Opportunity gap :
significant and persistent disparity in inputs between different groups of students
Industrialisation
Industrialization is the process of transitioning an economy from primarily agrarian and rural-based to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, mechanization, and urbanization, often accompanied by technological advancements and increased productivity
political mobilisation
Political mobilization refers to the process of organizing and engaging individuals or groups to participate in political activities, such as voting, protests, campaigns, or advocacy efforts. It involves rallying people around particular causes, candidates, or ideologies to influence political outcomes and shape public policy
nation states
Nation-states are political entities characterized by a distinct territory, a unified population sharing a common culture, language, and history, and a centralized government with sovereignty over that territory. They are the most common form of political organization in the world today, where the state and the nation (the people) largely coincide within defined borders
cash transfer
Cash transfers in welfare refer to direct payments made by governments to individuals or households to alleviate poverty, address social inequality, or provide assistance in meeting basic needs. These transfers are typically unconditional or have minimal conditions attached to them, allowing recipients to use the funds as they see fit.
eg universal basic income
services
Services in welfare refer to the various programs, interventions, and support systems provided by governments, non-profit organizations, and other entities to meet the needs of individuals and communities facing social, economic, or health-related challenge
social insurance
Social insurance in welfare refers to a system where individuals make contributions through taxes or payroll deductions to fund social welfare programs that provide benefits to eligible recipients in times of need or specific life circumstances.
Unlike means-tested welfare programs, which are based on financial need, social insurance programs are typically based on eligibility criteria related to specific events or risks, such as retirement, unemployment, disability, or healthcare needs.
efficiency
refers to the ability of systems, organizations, or policies to achieve desired outcomes with the optimal allocation of resources. It involves maximizing the use of available resources, such as time, money, labor, and materials, to produce the greatest possible benefit or output.
equality
equality refers to the principle of ensuring that all individuals or groups have equal access to resources, opportunities, rights, and treatment, regardless of their background, characteristics, or circumstances. It involves striving for fairness, justice, and non-discrimination in the distribution of social goods and services.
meaningful concept
ChatGPT
A “meaningful concept” is one that holds significance, relevance, and value within a particular context or domain. In education, a meaningful concept is one that contributes to the goals, objectives, and outcomes of the educational process in a substantive way. It is something that enriches learning experiences, promotes understanding, and facilitates the development of knowledge, skills, and competencies.
political causes
Political causes refer to the underlying factors, motivations, and actions within the realm of politics that contribute to the emergence, development, or changes in social policies, institutions, or governance structures
eg ideological shifts, social movements etc.
disadvantage
in an unfavourable position in relation to someone or something else
market based
“Market-based” refers to systems, policies, or approaches that rely on market mechanisms, such as supply and demand, competition, and price signals, to allocate resources, goods, and services. In the context of healthcare or social services, a market-based approach often involves private sector participation, where services are provided by for-profit entities and individuals pay for them directly or through insurance mechanisms.
practical considerations
focusing on their feasibility, effectiveness, and real-world implications
political convictions
Political convictions” refer to deeply held beliefs or principles about how society should be governed, organized, and structured. These convictions often stem from individuals’ values, ideologies, and moral perspectives on issues such as social justice, economic equality, human rights, governance, and the role of government in people’s lives.
social rights
Marshall - Rights to social services/ income supports
Social rights are entitlements that guarantee individuals certain basic needs, protections, and opportunities within a society. These rights are typically enshrined in laws, constitutions, or international agreements and are aimed at ensuring the well-being and dignity of all members of society. Social rights often include access to essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, and social security, as well as protections against discrimination, exploitation, and poverty
social healthcare
Social healthcare shares similarities but tends to involve more decentralisation (in terms of nonn-governmental organisations) and there may be further involvement of social insurance programmes and non-government organisations.
Equity
equity refers to the principle of fairness and justice in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes among individuals and groups within society. It involves ensuring that everyone has access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances. Equity seeks to address systemic inequalities and injustices by promoting equal access, representation, and outcomes for all members of society.
Educational disadvantage
Educational disadvantage is when some individuals get less benefit from the education system than their peers. The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as “the impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools”.
opportunities and outcomes should be considered
define welfare superiority
the following criteria to define welfare superiority: equity, social inclusion, coverage in terms of both population and needs, affordability for both the state and citizens and effectiveness. Britain and
