definitions

Question 1

social citizenship

Answer 1

Dwyer- it is possible to move towards a more concrete definition of social citizenship by initially noting three salient points made by Lewis
o the citizen is one way of imagining a link between the state and the individual
o the concept of citizenship implies membership of some form of community, in turn the notion of community opens up questions of inclusion and exclusion;
o citizenship is a social status that allows people to make claims in relation to state-organised welfare services.

Marhsall - the provision of social rights and benefits by the state to ensure the welfare and well-being of its citizens.

Question 2

citizenship

Answer 2

Marshall -citizenship is the ‘entitlements and responsibilities’ ie. rights and obligations that come with being a member of a national community - by virtue of being a member, each is of equal status

Question 3

welfare regime

Answer 3

EA- “in the relation between state and economy a complex of legal and organizational features are systematically interwoven.”
-regimes defined by their political ideologies and power relations
-these are ideal types - clusters of dimensions

Question 4

Decommodification

Answer 4

degree to which services are provided as a right or by market

Question 5

Etatism (Bismarck)-

Answer 5

state intervention to address social issues and maintain social order. Control of state over citizens and the economy- a belief in the supremacy and intervention of the state in economic and social affair. Not altruism but to udnermine socialiist appeal

Question 6

Stratification -

Answer 6

does social policy foster or preclude solidarities/class divisions?

Question 7

Defamilisation

Answer 7

refers to the process by which individuals and families become less reliant on the family as a primary source of economic and social support, and more dependent on formal institutions and mechanisms provided by the state or other organizations.

Question 8

Regime –

Answer 8

unifying logic to it. More than the sum of parts, unifying logic that unifies values and political economy. Unifying, historically embedded construct

Question 9

Power resources theory –

Answer 9

politics of the welfare state as a battle between capital and labour over the expansiveness of the welfare state at every election. Social policy is created by interest groups using their power to make a difference and advocate for their interests.

Question 10

Absolute social mobility (G+B, 2019) :

Answer 10

concerned with ‘shape’ of class structure - possible to be positive sum - changing the class structure - count the instances of people moving

Question 11

Relative social mobility (G+B, 2019) :

Answer 11

measure of fluidity - distribution of chances to be mobile - increase must raise upward and downward mobility by exactly the same amount (zero-sum)

Question 12

OED triangle:

Answer 12

Origin, Educational attainment, Destination -

Question 13

OED triangle and egalitarian ideal

Answer 13

Egalitarian ideal is weak links between OE and OD but strong between ED

Question 14

Inequality

Answer 14

Unequal rewards or opportunities for different individuals within a group or groups within a society.’ (Ox ref)

Question 15

Poverty

Answer 15

‘lack of sufficient means to enjoy a standard of living considered normal and acceptable in a given society’ (ox ref)

Question 16

Education as a positional good :

Answer 16

Goldthorpe (2016) - means the value of education is always relative - value compared to others - means rising tide lifts all boats argument is silly

Question 17

Achievement gap :

Answer 17

‘any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households.’

Question 18

Opportunity gap :

Answer 18

significant and persistent disparity in inputs between different groups of students

Question 19

Industrialisation

Answer 19

Industrialization is the process of transitioning an economy from primarily agrarian and rural-based to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, mechanization, and urbanization, often accompanied by technological advancements and increased productivity

Question 20

political mobilisation

Answer 20

Political mobilization refers to the process of organizing and engaging individuals or groups to participate in political activities, such as voting, protests, campaigns, or advocacy efforts. It involves rallying people around particular causes, candidates, or ideologies to influence political outcomes and shape public policy

Question 21

nation states

Answer 21

Nation-states are political entities characterized by a distinct territory, a unified population sharing a common culture, language, and history, and a centralized government with sovereignty over that territory. They are the most common form of political organization in the world today, where the state and the nation (the people) largely coincide within defined borders

Question 22

cash transfer

Answer 22

Cash transfers in welfare refer to direct payments made by governments to individuals or households to alleviate poverty, address social inequality, or provide assistance in meeting basic needs. These transfers are typically unconditional or have minimal conditions attached to them, allowing recipients to use the funds as they see fit.

eg universal basic income

Question 23

services

Answer 23

Services in welfare refer to the various programs, interventions, and support systems provided by governments, non-profit organizations, and other entities to meet the needs of individuals and communities facing social, economic, or health-related challenge

Question 24

social insurance

Answer 24

Social insurance in welfare refers to a system where individuals make contributions through taxes or payroll deductions to fund social welfare programs that provide benefits to eligible recipients in times of need or specific life circumstances.

Unlike means-tested welfare programs, which are based on financial need, social insurance programs are typically based on eligibility criteria related to specific events or risks, such as retirement, unemployment, disability, or healthcare needs.

Question 25

efficiency

Answer 25

refers to the ability of systems, organizations, or policies to achieve desired outcomes with the optimal allocation of resources. It involves maximizing the use of available resources, such as time, money, labor, and materials, to produce the greatest possible benefit or output.

Question 26

equality

Answer 26

equality refers to the principle of ensuring that all individuals or groups have equal access to resources, opportunities, rights, and treatment, regardless of their background, characteristics, or circumstances. It involves striving for fairness, justice, and non-discrimination in the distribution of social goods and services.

Question 27

meaningful concept

Answer 27

ChatGPT
A “meaningful concept” is one that holds significance, relevance, and value within a particular context or domain. In education, a meaningful concept is one that contributes to the goals, objectives, and outcomes of the educational process in a substantive way. It is something that enriches learning experiences, promotes understanding, and facilitates the development of knowledge, skills, and competencies.

Question 28

political causes

Answer 28

Political causes refer to the underlying factors, motivations, and actions within the realm of politics that contribute to the emergence, development, or changes in social policies, institutions, or governance structures

eg ideological shifts, social movements etc.

Question 29

disadvantage

Answer 29

in an unfavourable position in relation to someone or something else

Question 30

market based

Answer 30

“Market-based” refers to systems, policies, or approaches that rely on market mechanisms, such as supply and demand, competition, and price signals, to allocate resources, goods, and services. In the context of healthcare or social services, a market-based approach often involves private sector participation, where services are provided by for-profit entities and individuals pay for them directly or through insurance mechanisms.

Question 31

practical considerations

Answer 31

focusing on their feasibility, effectiveness, and real-world implications

Question 32

political convictions

Answer 32

Political convictions” refer to deeply held beliefs or principles about how society should be governed, organized, and structured. These convictions often stem from individuals’ values, ideologies, and moral perspectives on issues such as social justice, economic equality, human rights, governance, and the role of government in people’s lives.

Question 33

social rights

Answer 33

Marshall - Rights to social services/ income supports

Social rights are entitlements that guarantee individuals certain basic needs, protections, and opportunities within a society. These rights are typically enshrined in laws, constitutions, or international agreements and are aimed at ensuring the well-being and dignity of all members of society. Social rights often include access to essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, and social security, as well as protections against discrimination, exploitation, and poverty

Question 34

social healthcare

Answer 34

Social healthcare shares similarities but tends to involve more decentralisation (in terms of nonn-governmental organisations) and there may be further involvement of social insurance programmes and non-government organisations.

Question 35

Equity

Answer 35

equity refers to the principle of fairness and justice in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes among individuals and groups within society. It involves ensuring that everyone has access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances. Equity seeks to address systemic inequalities and injustices by promoting equal access, representation, and outcomes for all members of society.

Question 36

Educational disadvantage

Answer 36

Educational disadvantage is when some individuals get less benefit from the education system than their peers. The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as “the impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools”.

opportunities and outcomes should be considered

Question 37

define welfare superiority

Answer 37

the following criteria to define welfare superiority: equity, social inclusion, coverage in terms of both population and needs, affordability for both the state and citizens and effectiveness. Britain and