Definitions

Question 1

Define Inflammation

Answer 1

the local physiological response to tissue injury

Question 2

Define acute inflammation

Answer 2

initial and often transient series of tissue reactions to injury

Question 3

Define chronic inflammation

Answer 3

subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response

Question 4

Define granulomas

Answer 4

Collection of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages).

Question 5

What are granulation tissues

Answer 5

important component of healing and comprises small blood vessels in a connective tissue matrix with myofibroblasts

Question 6

Define thrombosis

Answer 6

solid mass of blood constituents formed within intact vascular system during life

Question 7

Define embolism

Answer 7

process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel

Question 8

Define embolus

Answer 8

mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within a vessel and block it

Question 9

Define ischaemia

Answer 9

reduction of blood flow to a tissue without any other implications

Question 10

Define infarction

Answer 10

reduction of blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot even support mere maintenance of the cells in that tissue so they die

Question 11

What is end artery supply?

Answer 11

an organ that only receives blood supply from one artery

Question 12

Define atheroma

Answer 12

The fatty material which forms deposits in the arteries

Question 13

Define apoptosis

Answer 13

Programmed cell death

Question 14

Define necrosis

Answer 14

death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply

Question 15

Define genetic disease

Answer 15

disease that occurs primarily from a genetic abnormality

Question 16

Define inherited disease

Answer 16

caused by an inherited genetic abnormality

Question 17

Define single gene disorder

Answer 17

Abnormality of a single gene causes a disease

Question 18

Define polygenic gene disorder

Answer 18

A genetic disease which is the result of the interaction of several different genes (usually on different chromosomes).

Question 19

Define congenital disease

Answer 19

Disease someone is born with

Question 20

Define hypertrophy

Answer 20

increase in size of a tissue cause by an increase in size of the constituent cells

Question 21

Define hyperplasia

Answer 21

increase in the size of a tissue caused by an increase in the number of the constituent cells

Question 22

Define atrophy

Answer 22

decrease in the size of a tissue caused by a decrease in the number of constituent cells or a decrease in their size

Question 23

Define metaplasia

Answer 23

change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type

Question 24

Define dysplasia

Answer 24

imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer

Question 25

Define carcinogenesis

Answer 25

the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

Question 26

Define tumour

Answer 26

any abnormal swelling e.g. neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia (all neoplasms are tumours, but not all neoplasms are tumours)

Question 27

Define neoplasm

Answer 27

lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed – a new growth.

Question 28

Define papilloma

Answer 28

benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium

Question 29

Define adenoma

Answer 29

benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium

Question 30

Define carcinoma

Answer 30

malignant tumour of epithelial cells

Question 31

Define carcinoma in situ

Answer 31

malignant epithelial neoplasm that has not yet invaded through the original basement membrane

Question 32

Define invasive carcinoma

Answer 32

a carcinoma that has breached the basement membrane – it can now spread elsewhere

Question 33

Define micro-invasive carcinoma

Answer 33

has breached the basement membrane but hasn’t invaded very far away from the original carcinoma

Question 34

Define Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell (haemocytoblast)

Answer 34

the stem cell that every blood cell in the body originates from

Question 35

Define antibody (Ab)

Answer 35

protein produced in response to an antigen. It can only bind with the antigen that induced its formation – i.e. specificity.

Question 36

Define antigen (Ag)

Answer 36

a molecule that reacts with preformed antibodies and specific receptors on T and B cells.

Question 37

Define epitope

Answer 37

part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/ receptor binding site

Question 38

Define affinity

Answer 38

measure of binding strength between an epitope and an antibody binding site. The higher the affinity the better

Question 39

Define cytokines

Answer 39

proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells. Substances produced by one cell that influence the behaviour of another, thus effecting intercellular communication

Question 40

Define inflammation

Answer 40

a series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to sites of infection or damage

Question 41

Define acute inflammation

Answer 41

complete elimination of a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, disappearances of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue (resolution – returns to normal homeostatic function)

Question 42

Define chronic inflammation

Answer 42

persistent, un-resolved inflammation

Question 43

Define T-cell selection

Answer 43

T cells recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature

Question 44

What is passive immunity

Answer 44

Passive immunity is short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

Question 45

Define vaccines

Answer 45

antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease