Define and Explain Terms

Question 1

Membrane potential

Answer 1

the two electrically charged points across a membrane
-typically negative inside a cell at rest

Question 2

Nernst Potential

Answer 2

solves for equilibrium potential
A theoretical value for when a molecule will reach its equilibrium
Eqx= (58/z) x log([x out]/ [x in])

z= valence charge

Question 3

Equilibrium potential

Answer 3

“Nernst potential”
How negative does a cell have to become before ____ stops diffusing?
When the net movement is 0.

Question 4

isotonic

Answer 4

solution that does not cause a reference cell to shrink or swell
-NO CHANGE IN VOLUME
-ECF AND ICF CONCENTRATION ARE EQUAL

Question 5

hypertonic

Answer 5

a solution that causes a cell to shrink (lose H2O)
-ECF has a higher concentration so cell releases H2O to balance

Question 6

hypotonic

Answer 6

a solution that causes reference cell to swell
-gains water
-ECF has less concentration than ICF, so cell takes water in to balance

Question 7

hydrophilic

Answer 7

loves water

Question 8

hydrophobic

Answer 8

hates water

Question 9

Primary active transport

Answer 9

requires ATP directly to initiate the movement of a molecule against a gradient s
-channel phosphorylates
-ex: Na+/K+ pump

Question 10

Secondary active transport

Answer 10

Requires indirect use of ATP.
-concentration gradient produced by primary AT drives the movement
-Ex. Glucose using Na+ to move across the membrane

Question 11

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 11

ion channel

Question 12

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 12

2nd messenger

Question 13

Primary Bronchi

Question 14

secondary bronchi

Question 15

termnial bronchiole

Question 16

respiratory bronchiole

Question 17

alveolus

Answer 17

the sacs of alveoli where gas exchange happens

Question 18

alveolar duct

Answer 18

leads from respiratory bronchioles and to aveolar duct

Question 19

Respiratory zone

Answer 19

Where there is actually gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli

Question 20

Conducting zone

Answer 20

from the nose to the terminal bronchioles where air is filtered and moistened

Question 21

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 21

composed of type 1 pneumocytes, basement protein layer, and capillary endothelial cells

where gas exchange occurs

Question 22

Type I aveolar cell

Answer 22

the most common on aveoli
-allows for gas exchange

Question 23

Type II aveolar cell

Answer 23

produces surfactant
regenerates

Question 24

Dorsal respiratory control center

Answer 24

for inspiration
-quiet breathing
-takes input from the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
-inspiratory ramp signal: increased firing of AP to diaphragm

Question 25

Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 25

silent in quiet breathing, drives expiration in anticipation of increased CO2 in the blood.
-gets signals from carotid and aortic bodies

Question 26

Blood Brain barrier

Answer 26

barrier between brain and blood flow
-co2 can diffuse freely
regulated by foot processes of astrocytes and endothelial cells with tight juntions

Question 27

Perfusion

Question 28

Ventilation

Question 29

Parietal pleura

Question 30

Visceral Pleura

Question 31

Pleural edema

Answer 31

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial aveolar space

Question 32

Pleural effusion

Question 33

Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 33

plasma proteins in the blood that drive osmotic forcer
-brings fluid from fluid into the capillaries
-at the venous end of the capillaries

Question 34

Respiratory Zones 1, 2, 3

Answer 34

Where there is actually gas exchange
- bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli

Question 35

Mucociliary Escalator

Question 36

E(K+)

Answer 36

-90mv

Question 37

E(Na+)

Answer 37

+60mv

Question 38

E(Cl-)

Answer 38

-63mv

Question 39

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

Answer 39

Vm= P(K) + P(Na) + P(Cl)

Question 40

delayed rectifying channel

Answer 40

a channel that delays its opening which allows depolarization to occur in terms of Na+/K+ channel

Question 41

Action Potential steps

Answer 41

1. Rest membrane potential
2. Stimulus to depolarize
3. membrane depolarizes to threshold, causing Voltage gated Na+ channels to open quickly= Na+ enters cell and depolarizes. K+ gates open slowly
4. Depolarization of cell
5. Reached max potential. Na channels close and K channels finally open
6. K moves from ICF to ECF to repolarize
7. K channels remain open, hyper-polarizing the cell
8. K channels close. Less of K leaks out.
9. cell is bad at resting potential

Question 42

Action potentials are _____

Answer 42

All or none
-firing frequency encodes intensity

Question 43

GLUT transporter

Answer 43

transfers glucose to ECF by facilitated diffusion
-glucose binds to Na+ channel to bring it into the epithelial cell.
-Na+ is pumped into cell by ATPASE pumps
-Glucose is diffused across the basolateral membrane into ECF

Question 44

What GLUT protein is associated with Diabetes type 2

Answer 44

GLUT 4

Question 45

ICF Ion concentration

Answer 45

K+ 140
Na+ 5-15
Cl- 4-30
Ca2+ .0001

Question 46

ECF Ion concentration

Answer 46

K+ 5
Na+ 145
Ca2+ 110
Ca2+ 1-2

Question 47

V/Q Ratio

Answer 47

Ventilation:perfusion
should be about 1

Question 48

When CO2 in the blood combines with water it makes what

Answer 48

carbonic acid
-acid release Hydrogen ions, increase pH

Question 49

glomus cells activity in the PCR