Define and Explain Terms Flashcards
Based on BS1 Study questions
Membrane potential
the two electrically charged points across a membrane
-typically negative inside a cell at rest
Nernst Potential
solves for equilibrium potential
A theoretical value for when a molecule will reach its equilibrium
Eqx= (58/z) x log([x out]/ [x in])
z= valence charge
Equilibrium potential
“Nernst potential”
How negative does a cell have to become before ____ stops diffusing?
When the net movement is 0.
isotonic
solution that does not cause a reference cell to shrink or swell
-NO CHANGE IN VOLUME
-ECF AND ICF CONCENTRATION ARE EQUAL
hypertonic
a solution that causes a cell to shrink (lose H2O)
-ECF has a higher concentration so cell releases H2O to balance
hypotonic
a solution that causes reference cell to swell
-gains water
-ECF has less concentration than ICF, so cell takes water in to balance
hydrophilic
loves water
hydrophobic
hates water
Primary active transport
requires ATP directly to initiate the movement of a molecule against a gradient s
-channel phosphorylates
-ex: Na+/K+ pump
Secondary active transport
Requires indirect use of ATP.
-concentration gradient produced by primary AT drives the movement
-Ex. Glucose using Na+ to move across the membrane
Ionotropic receptor
ion channel
Metabotropic receptor
2nd messenger
Primary Bronchi
secondary bronchi
termnial bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole
alveolus
the sacs of alveoli where gas exchange happens
alveolar duct
leads from respiratory bronchioles and to aveolar duct
Respiratory zone
Where there is actually gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli
Conducting zone
from the nose to the terminal bronchioles where air is filtered and moistened
Respiratory Membrane
composed of type 1 pneumocytes, basement protein layer, and capillary endothelial cells
where gas exchange occurs
Type I aveolar cell
the most common on aveoli
-allows for gas exchange
Type II aveolar cell
produces surfactant
regenerates
Dorsal respiratory control center
for inspiration
-quiet breathing
-takes input from the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
-inspiratory ramp signal: increased firing of AP to diaphragm
Ventral Respiratory Group
silent in quiet breathing, drives expiration in anticipation of increased CO2 in the blood.
-gets signals from carotid and aortic bodies
Blood Brain barrier
barrier between brain and blood flow
-co2 can diffuse freely
regulated by foot processes of astrocytes and endothelial cells with tight juntions
Perfusion
Ventilation
Parietal pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural edema
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial aveolar space
Pleural effusion
Colloid osmotic pressure
plasma proteins in the blood that drive osmotic forcer
-brings fluid from fluid into the capillaries
-at the venous end of the capillaries
Respiratory Zones 1, 2, 3
Where there is actually gas exchange
- bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli
Mucociliary Escalator
E(K+)
-90mv
E(Na+)
+60mv
E(Cl-)
-63mv
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
Vm= P(K) + P(Na) + P(Cl)
delayed rectifying channel
a channel that delays its opening which allows depolarization to occur in terms of Na+/K+ channel
Action Potential steps
- Rest membrane potential
- Stimulus to depolarize
- membrane depolarizes to threshold, causing Voltage gated Na+ channels to open quickly= Na+ enters cell and depolarizes. K+ gates open slowly
- Depolarization of cell
- Reached max potential. Na channels close and K channels finally open
- K moves from ICF to ECF to repolarize
- K channels remain open, hyper-polarizing the cell
- K channels close. Less of K leaks out.
- cell is bad at resting potential
Action potentials are _____
All or none
-firing frequency encodes intensity
GLUT transporter
transfers glucose to ECF by facilitated diffusion
-glucose binds to Na+ channel to bring it into the epithelial cell.
-Na+ is pumped into cell by ATPASE pumps
-Glucose is diffused across the basolateral membrane into ECF
What GLUT protein is associated with Diabetes type 2
GLUT 4
ICF Ion concentration
K+ 140
Na+ 5-15
Cl- 4-30
Ca2+ .0001
ECF Ion concentration
K+ 5
Na+ 145
Ca2+ 110
Ca2+ 1-2
V/Q Ratio
Ventilation:perfusion
should be about 1
When CO2 in the blood combines with water it makes what
carbonic acid
-acid release Hydrogen ions, increase pH
glomus cells activity in the PCR
