Deficiency Learning

Question 1

State the function and/or purpose of the following within the carburettor (d) enrichment at high power settings

Answer 1

Increase Fuel in the mix
Maximise power
Prevents dentonation - more fuel keeps the head cooler
Generally cools the engine

Question 2

around State the general rules for fuelling of aircraft, including the special precautions for the use of drum stock, and plastic containers

Answer 2

• Drums should be stored on their side, with the bungs at the 3 o’clock position and the vents at the 9 o’clock position. This will minimise the amount of moisture coming inside due to ‘breathing’
• Plastic jerrycans are acceptable as long as they are intended for fuel storage and compy with the correct standard (2906:2001)
• It’s important to check the caps and seals as over time these can degrade resulting in materials falling into the fuel.
• When re-fueling from drums it is important to use a filter to avoid contamination.

Question 3

Describe the function and operation of a typical basic AHRS

Answer 3

The AHRS information is displayed on the PDF or MFD in a modern glass cockpit.

The typical basic AHRS has sensors which can provide attitude information including roll, pitch and yaw ) and are designed to replace traditional gyro systems.

Question 4

Purpose of Flaps

Answer 4

Increases the camber which:
- Increases Lift ( most importantly decreases Stall speed )
- Increase Drag

Question 5

Explain the effect of a change in temperature on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.

Answer 5

Cold air is denser - resulting in a lower reading of altimeter
“Hot to cold = lower”

Question 6

Define the nautical mile

Answer 6

A nautical mile is 1/60th of a degree of latitude along any meridian

approximately 1.85kms

Question 7

Radio call to transist controlled airspace?

Answer 7

CALL SIGN,
* LOCATION,
* ALTITUDE,
* TRACK,
* REQUEST

Question 8

Radio call to enter and land in controlled airspace?

Answer 8

STATION NAME, CALL SIGN,
* LOCATION,
* ALTITUDE,
* Information (ATIS CODE) ,
* For Landing,
* POB

Question 9

Radio call for first contact

Answer 9

STATION NAME, CALL SIGN

Question 10

Rules for Radio silence during PAN or MADAY

Answer 10

The PIC of the aircraft in distress or the ground station is permitted to impose radio silence on any other stations.

Stations not involved with the distress traffic may commence transmissions again when:
* The distress is cancelled, or the distress traffic is terminated
* All distress traffic has been transferred to a different frequency
* The station controlling communications gives permission OR the station not involved is required to render assistance in some way.

Question 11

Steps to adjust the squlech

Answer 11

Adjust the volume to the correct level
Adjust the squelch control to cut out unwanted noise.
Turning the squelch up ( clockwise) will reduce the effectiveness of the filter.
Therefore the squelch should be turned up, until static is heard and the squelch is then turned down to remove squelch.

Question 12

State the requirement for a review of airworthiness as per Part 91

Answer 12

A review of airworthiness needs to have been completed in the prior 365 days, or 730 days in the case of a special category. Unless the aircraft is operated in accordance with:
* Part 121 - Passenger Transport
* Part 125 - Mid range
* Part 135 ( GA ) if the aircraft is subject to a maintenance review which complies with rule 135.415(a). -

Question 13

Describe the vertical limits and purpose of control areas (CTA) as per Part 71

Answer 13

Terminal Control Areas (CTA) are specified by the director.
The control areas are for:
* At the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes and is necessary for approach control OR
* An upper control area if the service is required OR
* A control area over the high sea if a control area is required.

CTAs must terminate at least 700 feet above the surface of the earth, be at least 500 ft below the flight path of IFR flights. The lower limit must be high as practical.
The upper limit can not exceed FL660.

Question 14

Describe the diurnal variation of the surface wind over the: land

Answer 14

As the sun rises, during the day the ground will warm up. This means the winds will tend to increase in strength and veer in the southern hemisphere.

As the sun goes down the ground will cool, increasing the surface friction. This means that the wind strength will decrease and back.

Question 15

What is Veer vs Back

Answer 15

Back - Anti-clockwise
Veer - shifting clockwise

Question 16

Explain the effect of inversions on: Turbulence

Answer 16

Inversions tend to stabilise the atmosphere.
Mechanical turbulence below an inversion is common.
Just below the inversion a laminar flow can occur resulting in wind speed higher than those close to the ground meaning a windshear is present.

Above the inversion the winds are often a high speed, however free of turbulence.

Question 17

Describe the following types of precipitation: (a) Rain

Answer 17

• Rain - water droplets that are at least 0.5mm in size.
• Drizzle - droplets less than 0.5mm in size.
• Rain -tends to create a splash.

Question 18

Explain the conditions that can cause carburettor icing while on the ground

Answer 18

Specifically as the throttle is near idle means that there is a cooling effect caused by the throttle’s Venturi effect.

The conditions required include:
Idle or low throttle speed.
Dew point close to the air temperature
Higher temp and high relative humidity makes it more likely for carburetor icing to occur.

Question 19

State the similarities and differences between cold and warm fronts, with reference to changes in: (b) air pressure

Answer 19

Cold Front
- Pressure decreases due to displancement of warm air
- As it passes lowest pressure found
- Then will increase. Often good weather

Warm Front
- Pressure decreases - as cold air under the front is pushed forward.
- As it passes pressure increases
- Changes take longer compared to a cold front
-

Question 20

Describe the impact of ‘westerly situations’ and ‘easterly situations’ on flying weather around New Zealand

Answer 20

Westerly Situations
In New Zealand the westerly situations, especially with regards to the southern alps in New Zealand will often lead to the Fohn Effect.
This will lead to the following weather conditions on the windward side:
Cloud often pushed up against the mountains and relatively thick.
If the air is moist, which given the wind is often Maritime air mass will result in rain and poor visibility
On the lee side we can expect:
Clearer air, usually a dry wind
There can be severe turbulence that can extend a significant distance downwind from the mountains.

Easterly Situations
In New Zealand easterly winds are usually associated with a high-pressure system, which can lead to increased clouds and a higher changes of rainfall on the eastern side of the North and South Islands.