Defense And Vaccination Against Infection Flashcards
Who needs to be vaccinated
Risk of suffering with severe disease
Risk of infecting others
Risk of exposure to the disease
Age health status and vaccination history
Special risk factors
Reactions to previous vaccine doses + allergies
The delay associated with acquire immunity is associated with
The time taken for colonial expansion to occur for B and T cells
In secondary infection the response is much quicker and there is a greater amount of cells than primary infection
What are some examples of passive vaccination
Transfer of specific antibodies (gamma globulins)
tetanus
gangrene
snake bite
hepatitis B
rabies
Transfer of normal serum gammaglobulins
hypogammaglobulinemia
Maternal antibodies
Placental IgG
Colostral IgA
What do live vaccines consist of ( examples of each) (naturally and artificially attenuated)
Naturally attenuated (e.g. related strain or species)
Smallpox (variola) and cowpox (vaccinia)
Veterinary and experimental vaccines
Artificially attenuated (random and “designer”)
Oral polio vaccine, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever
What do non living vaccines contain
Killed whole organisms
Antigenic components of the organism
DNA/RNA from the organism
what are subunit vaccines and Examples of subunit vaccines
subunit vaccines only contain the required antigenic components that best elicit an immune response
DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis)
How do adjuvants enhance immunogenicity and some examples of adjuvants
Inducing inflammation
Providing microbial signals to boost innate immunity
Providing long lasting depot of antigen
Eg lipid nano particles, AS04, AS03, MF59
Examples of diseases that have been eradicated
Small pox eradicated on 8th May 1980
Near eradication of polio which is transmitted orally and then into blood where damages nerve cells —> paralysis of infected tissues
Near end of cervical cancer due to HPV vaccination
40 year fight against HIV
Comparison of the two vaccines against polio
Salk is the dead vaccine whilst Sabin is the attenuated version.
Salk prevents entry of virus into cells but infection of gut remains whilst Sabin induces immunity in the gut preventing infection
Live attenuated vaccines examples
Sabin oral polio vaccine
M bovis BCG for TB meningitis
MMR vaccine
Inactivated vaccines examples
Rabies, Salk polio, hep A, influenza
Vibrio cholerae, pertussis, salmonella typhi and E. coli
Which strains of the virus cause more than 70% of all cervical cancers in the UK?
HPV 16 and 18
How does SARs-Cov-2 cause illness
Infects cells through its spike S protein binding to the ACE2 receptor
Causes severe immunothrombotic disease in some people
What were the 2 vaccines mostly used for COVID in the uk
AstraZeneca is an adenovirus vaccine in which the isolated genetic material and is inserted into a harmless virus = production of spike mRNA and protein by host cells
Pfizer is a mRNA vaccine in which the spike protein acts as the mRNA from which the host cell then produces spike proteins
