Deductive Arguments Flashcards

1
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

An argument based on logic and a priori knowledge forming a conclusion that is necessarily true

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2
Q

What is the ontological argument?

A

Deductive reasoning using premises based on the characteristics of God

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3
Q

What were Anselm’s dates and work?

A

1033-1109, Proslogian

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4
Q

What is Anselm’s first argument?

A
  • God is a BTWNGCBC
  • It is foolish to deny God because you must have a concept of God to know what not to believe in
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5
Q

What is Anselm’s second argument?

A
  • Existence in ne is greater than existence in intellectu
  • God is a BTWNGCBC so must exist in ne
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6
Q

What is Anselm’s third argument?

A
  • A necessary being is greater than a contingent being
  • God is BTWNGCBC so must be necessary
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7
Q

How did Anselm view atheism?

A

A self-delusion in order to live a life of injustice and corruption

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8
Q

What was Gaunilo’s work?

A

‘In Behalf of the Fool’

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9
Q

What is reductio ad absurdum?

A

Anselm’s argument can be used for the existence of anything at all, which is absurd

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10
Q

What is the perfect island analogy?

A
  • a perfect island cannot have the deficiency of being merely a concept and so must exist
  • this is clearly ridiculous
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11
Q

What was Anselm’s response to Gaunilo?

A
  • God is unique with no intrinsic maximum and has a necessary existence whereas an island is contingent
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12
Q

What were Descartes’ dates and work?

A

1596-1650, Meditations

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13
Q

What is Descartes’ ontological argument?

A
  • God is a SPB, which humans have an innate awareness of
  • Existence is a predicate of perfection
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14
Q

What is the triangle analogy?

A

A defining predicate of a triangle is that it has 3 sides and 3 internal angles

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15
Q

What is the mountain and valleys analogy?

A

It is impossible to imagine a mountain without a valley

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16
Q

What was Kant’s work?

A

Critique of Pure Reason

17
Q

What was Kant’s objection to Descartes?

A
  • predicate describes a characteristic
  • existence is not a quality it just shows something has been actualised
18
Q

What is the 100 thalers analogy?

A

If you imagine 100 thalers, the quality of existence makes no difference to the image of the thalers

19
Q

What is the unicorn analogy?

A

A unicorn is made a unicorn by its horn, it does not require existence to be defined

20
Q

What was Kant’s response to the triangle analogy?

A

It is a logical necessity for a triangle to have 3 angles but not for it to exist

21
Q

What are Malcolm’s dates?

22
Q

What arguments did Malcolm agree and disagree with?

A
  • disagreed with Proslogion 2 and SPB
  • agreed with Proslogion 3
23
Q

What is Malcolm’s argument?

A
  1. God’s existence could be impossible, however his nature is not self-contradictory
  2. God’s existence could be possible, but possibility is contingent and requires an external cause
  3. Therefore God must be necessary
24
Q

The ontological argument is effective:

A
  1. Logical
  2. No taintable evidence
  3. Faith seeking understanding
25
Q

The ontological argument is ineffective:

A
  1. Convert
  2. Not GoCT
  3. Premises
26
Q

A priori arguments are persuasive:

A
  1. No experience
  2. Inescapable conclusions
  3. God
27
Q

A priori arguments are not persuasive:

A
  1. No evidence
  2. Rely on premises
  3. A posteriori is the basis of medical, technological and educational systems
28
Q

Objections to the ontological argument are persuasive:

A
  1. Gaunilo
  2. Kant
  3. Lack of evidence
29
Q

Objections to the ontological argument are not persuasive:

A
  1. Gaunilo
  2. Anslem did not suggest adding the concept of existence to the concept of God
  3. A priori
30
Q

Different views on the nature of God impact arguments:

A
  1. Omnipotence (cosmo and teleo)
  2. Perfection (onto)
  3. Personal and immanent
31
Q

Different views on the nature of God do not impact arguments:

A
  1. Don’t affect evil and suffering
  2. Arguments independent of God’s nature are more persuasive
  3. God is unknowable
32
Q

Ontological arguments are more persuasive than inductive arguments:

A
  1. Premises lead to conclusion
  2. Do not need evidence
  3. Less vulnerable to science
33
Q

Ontological arguments are less persuasive than inductive arguments:

A
  1. Rejected premises
  2. Relies on definition
  3. No evidence
34
Q

Psalms 14:1 and 53:1

A

‘The fool says in his heart, “there is no God”’

35
Q

In ne and in intellectu - Anselm

A

‘There is absolutely no doubt that something-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought exists in both the mind and in reality’

36
Q

Innate understanding of SPB - Descartes

A

‘The idea of God, or a supremely perfect being, is one that I find within me as surely as any shape or number’

37
Q

What is a priori knowledge?

A

Without experience, drawing conclusions based on principles of logic