deduction, induction, abduction

Question 1

deduction

Answer 1

to what extent is human reasoning context dependent

Question 2

D: Syllogistic reasoning

Answer 2

o Accepting things that are known from the facts
o Premise and a conclusion
o Reliant on known-ness of the facts and the linguistic understanding of reasoners

Question 3

D: Syllogisms can be

Answer 3

linear or categorical

Question 4

D: Linear

Answer 4

• You are taller than john, john is taller than bill, therefore you are taller than bill

Question 5

D: Categorical –

Answer 5

two premises with a conclusion that automatically follows

Question 6

D: Categorical –• Affirmative uni

Answer 6

• All a are b, all b are c, all a are c

Question 7

D: Categorical – • Affirmative particular

Answer 7

• Some a are b, some b are c, some are are c

Question 8

D:Categorical – • Negative uni

Answer 8

• No a are b, no b are c, no a are c

Question 9

D: Categorical – • Negative particular

Answer 9

• Some a are not b, some b are not c, some a are not c

Question 10

D: Conditional reasoning: o If p then q

Answer 10

• P is antecedent, q is c onsequent

* If bill writes with left hand (p) then bill is left handed (q)

Question 11

D:Conditional reasoning: Modus ponens (affirmation of the antecedent)

Answer 11

• If p then q. given q, deduce p

Question 12

D:Conditional reasoning: o Modus tollens (denial of consequent)

Answer 12

• If p then q
• Not q
• Not p
• If charley eats a 7 course meal he will be full. Charley is not full, charley did not eat a 7 course meal

Question 13

D:Wason selection test

Answer 13

o Cards with associated rules, performance improves when rules are relevant to context

Question 14

D: Accounting for deductive reasoning

Answer 14

o Rips’ mental rules
• People solve D problems by constructing mental proofs
• Not following rules occurs as a result of cognitive limitations such as working memory capacity
o Johnson-laird’s mental models
• Construct a mental model based on premises in argument
• People attempt to solve problem by attempting to construct alternatives – if can’t create alternative then accept the initial

Question 15

CRITIQUE: DEDUCTION

Answer 15

• Does not take us beyond assertion or premise – cannot learn anything new

Question 16

Induction

Answer 16

• Continuous adjustment and updating of ones confidence in a belief
• Allows generation of assertions beyond the data to be used in reasonin

Question 17

I: strong assertion

Answer 17

where there is good reason to accept the assertion under consideration

Question 18

I: weak assertion

Answer 18

here there is poor or weak support (if there is no support than we should not accept the assertion)

Question 19

i:main method of deriving causal relations

Answer 19

induction: observe many instances and so the events become paired – a causes b

Question 20

i: Confirmation bias

Answer 20

o Belief persistence or resist belief change
o Wason’s 2 5 6 numbers
- What rule do these conform to
- Rule was just 3 ascending numbers
- People don’t suggest this, as they don’t want to disconfirm their hypothesis of three ascending even numbers
o People much more likely to ask confirmatory questions than disconfirmatory ones

Question 21

Abduction

Answer 21

best explanatory hypothesis for a known set of facts

reverse of deduction - conclusion is accepted and then look for explanation

Question 22

CRITIQUE

Answer 22

humans shw good reasoning and poor reasoning

intersection of uncertainty, novelty and bounded rationality