analogical reasoning

Question 1

analogical reasoning

Answer 1

depends heavily on WM as it requires connections between concepts and makes leaps of insight while holding ideas in focus

Question 2

Gick and Holyoak

Answer 2

transfer of knowledge from one situation to another by a process of mapping

Question 3

G&H: Source

Answer 3

analogical resource for a possible solution from the past

Question 4

G&H: target

Answer 4

present problem to be solved

Question 5

Tumour problem

Answer 5

Use of schema:
representation of source and target
retrieve useful info - activate set of analogues, select relevant one by stating goals in terms of constraints
Personal limitations apply (General knowledge, cognitive style, stress levels)

Question 6

schema induction

Answer 6

construction fo inductive generalisation

• goal
• resources
• operators
• solution plan
• outcome

Question 7

principle cueing (constraint) theories

Answer 7

reminded of principles from previous successful problems & apply to target

Question 8

holyoak’s constraint satisfaction theory

Answer 8

3 conditions or aspects that must be present for an analogical connection to be effected when confronted with novel problem:

• structural similarity
• semantic similarity
• pragmatic similarity (end states similar)

Question 9

holyoak’s constraint satisfaction theory: accessing perception of similarity

Answer 9

positive - where similarity is of use in solving problem

negative - where not of use and may lead to over commitment to analogy

Question 10

holyoak’s constraint satisfaction theory: problem structure guides process

Answer 10

surface - elements are similar - numbers, names of persons

deep - processes are focused on achieving goals and the goals are sufficiently similar to be recognised

Question 11

CRITIQUE: Holyoak

Answer 11

doesn’t explain combination of multiple analogies and how they seem to be easily combined
concept of similarity does not seem explanatory of analogy, since it seems somewhat same as analogy

Question 12

CRITIQUE: solving requires accurate representation

Answer 12

• Well defined - All info needed is contained and end state is clear
• Ill defined - Problems where you are told the initial and end states but not what operators you have and how they combine to solve
• Knowledge rich - Quite an amount of knowledge needed to solve, rely on
• Knowledge lean - Require very little knowledge to solve