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Geography World cities > Decline > Flashcards

Decline Flashcards

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1
Q

urban decline

A

Deteriation of the inner city, often caused by lack of investment and maintenance, normally resulting in population decrease, unemployment and economic decline

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2
Q

Deprivation

A

Standard of living below that of a majority in a particular society= hardships and lack of access to resources

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3
Q

Poverty

A

The state of being inferior in quality and or being extremely poor

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4
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

Net out migration

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5
Q

Cause of counter urbanisation of London

A

-Clearance of slums and bomb damaged area after WW1
-New commuter towns near London, eg Harlow (30-50km away)
-London greenbelt 1947 (stopped suburbanisation and protected land)
-cheaper property
better environment
-Large commuting towns and cities

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6
Q

Deindustrialisation of London

A
  • 1980’s primary and secondary sectors shut as its cheaper in Asia = huge unemployment = declining industry in Lee Valley
  • 1960’s London = 30% labour manufacturing
  • 2010 manufacturing only employs 6% and = 10% of the Uk’s GDP
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7
Q

What was London’s post industrial economy

A
  • Tourism
  • Properties based on Heritage become apartments eg old factories
  • Foot loose companies
  • Knowledge economy, management and consultancy sectors
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8
Q

Dock closure

A
  • 1981
  • in 1970’s 10000 dockworkers
  • Closed due to increase in size of ships, couldn’t fit into London
  • 1978-83 12000 Jobs lost
  • 60% of adults unemployed in London
  • 18.5% population decline from 1971-81`
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9
Q

Characteristics of deprived areas

A
  • Poor quality, overcrowded housing
  • Poor building maintenance
  • Empty, vandalised buildings
  • Empty factories
  • Pollution
  • Poor social Characteristics, eg high unemployment, crime rates and slit families
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10
Q

Spiral decline of an area

A 
Industrial decline
Increasing unemployment
Decline of shops and services
Decline of housing and environment
The inner city decline
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11
Q

Social Benefits of London Olympics

A
  • New construction collage, so locals can work on site (8 month training period)
  • Massive new housing complex (40000 new homes including affordable housing)
  • £50 000 to local estate for sports facilities
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12
Q

Social Cons of London Olympics

A
  • Demolition of old housing estates, student accommodation, caused noise pollution and 450 people had to move out
  • Increased cost of housing =people evicted
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13
Q

Economic benefits of London Olympics

A
  • Area attracted investment
  • New jobs (5000)
  • 500 acres redeveloped
  • Eurostar from Stratford attracts foreign investment
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14
Q

Economic cons of London Olympics

A

-250 businesses moves eg Salmon business, which can no longer afford to stay in area due to increase land prices

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15
Q

Environmental benefits of London Olympics

A

-Cleaning of land
-Most sustainable games ever
-Public space and parks created
-Better sports facilities
-Lee Valley regional park
-Landscaping
-Wildlife moved
-locals helped
contaminated soil cleaned up

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16
Q

Political benefits of London Olympics

A
  • Improved the UK’s image due to the success
  • No controversy (unlike rio)
  • All finished on schedule which made the Government look good to other countries
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17
Q

Political cons of London Olympics

A
  • Over budget (£8.75 bn)

- West ham got the stadium afterwards for massively discounted price

18
Q

Millennium Dome

A
  • Cost £43 000 000 completed in 2010
  • No car area, nut good transport links
  • multi purpose venue
  • Former brownfield site
19
Q

DLR

A
  • Docklands light railway
  • 45 stations with 7 lines
  • opened 1987
20
Q

Jubilee Line extension

A
  • Extension of the London Underground
  • cost £3.5 bn
  • Relieving congestion
  • opening accesses to the whole of London
21
Q

Eurostar

A
  • High speed railway
  • London to Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, and Paris
  • 27 trains
22
Q

London Gateway

A
  • Thurrock, North bank of Thames
  • New deep water port
  • £1.5 bn facility
  • 20 miles from London
  • Built new nature reserve to put animals found on the site
  • 27 000 jobs created
  • 3.5 million containers managed annually
23
Q

London Docklands

A
  • regenerating 8.5 square miles In London
  • non-governmental organisation
  • Improve social, economic and environmental conditions
  • Provide more than 120000 jobs
  • Good transport links DLR
  • 27000 houses created, 10000 refurbished houses
24
Q

A regeneration scheme

A

Park Hill

25
Q

About Park Hill

A
  • Housing estate
  • South Yorkshire (Sheffield)
  • Built in 1960’s to replace slums that housed factory workers for metal works and the pits
  • Now run down and dilapidated
  • Grade 2 listed, concrete structure
26
Q

Reasons for decline of Park Hill

A
  • Loss of industry and jobs
  • Mines shut
  • Unemployment and environmental blight
  • Polluted brownfield sites
27
Q

Who was responsible for the partnership scheme of Park Hill

A

-Transform south Yorkshire (£13 m)
-Urban splash developers (£130 m)
-Homes and community Agency (£24 m)
English Heritage (£0.5 m)

28
Q

Park Hill facilities

A

Phase 1

  • 257 flats to sell
  • 56 flats to rent
  • 12 flats for shared ownership
  • A GP’s surgery
  • Nursery
  • Retail and leisure facilities
29
Q

Positive of Park Hill

A
  • Grade 2 listed building protected
  • Encourages people back into the CBD
  • Long term jobs for builders
  • 21st century apartments
  • Wealthier tenants spend money in shef
30
Q

Negatives of Park Hill

A
  • Unaffordable apartments to original tenants (£13000 for one bedroom)
  • Congestion and noise pollution during work
  • Unattractive flats
  • Loss of community spirit as new people move in
  • local businesses shut (31 shops and 4 pubs)
  • £142 m cost
31
Q

Gentrification

A

The rehabilitation of deteriorated neighbourhoods by new wealthier residents

32
Q

Trellick Tower

A

-Was Britain’s biggest apartment block in 1973
-Rough area and stories about it were of rape and violence
-Squatters settler in abandoned flats
-No communal living area
Now high security grade 2 listed trendy building

33
Q

Positives of Gentrification

A

-Stabilisation of a declining area
-Increasing property values
-Reduced vacancy rates
-Reduced urban sprawl
Decrease crime

34
Q

Negatives of Gentrification

A
  • Changes to local services and shops
  • Buy to rent increased by 18% last year
  • Homelessness increased ( 8000 in London )
  • Loss of affordable housing
  • Displacement through price increase and resentment and conflict as people forces to move
35
Q

History of Notting Hill

A

Originally a small hamlet

  • Industrialisation bought in workers to nearby pits
  • 1958 afro Caribbean community of workers moved in which led to race riots
36
Q

Urban regeneration case studies

A
  • London

- Birmingham

37
Q

Victoria Square

A
  • Council building with traditional architecture
  • Connect spaces with HSBC and new library
  • use of public buildings to regenerate
  • Loose traditional architecture of old Brutalist Library
  • Minimum of 3 years to develop and cost lots
38
Q

REP theatre, Barclaycard Arena, ICC etc

A
  • Cultural and sporting venues
  • REP cost £7 m refurb
  • ICC has 11 halls
  • NIA fits 13000 people
  • Attractive and people go for event
39
Q

Mailbox

A
  • Apartments, retail, entertainment, commercial
  • 2nd largest mix use building in UK
  • Regeneration success
  • 24 hour zones created
  • Has to regenerate twice
40
Q

Bull ring

A
  • 365 000 visitors annually
  • £500 m cost
  • 8000 new jobs
  • 140 new shops
  • 21% more footfall
  • incorporates heritage of surrounding area
  • Modern design with open spaces and walkways
  • Flagship stores
  • Negative impact on surrounding retail areas
41
Q

Station

A
  • £750 m
  • Accommodates 140,000 passengers daily
  • Natural lighting and open concourse
  • Rail bottleneck means that trains are delayed
42
Q

Brindley Place

A
  • Residential and commercial and business place
  • Using local heritage of canals
  • 24 hour zone
  • attractive areas
  • £2.5 m construction of square
  • Energy efficient office buildings
  • car park 127 cars

Geography World cities (4 decks)

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