Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2 - MOD > deck_872523 > Flashcards

deck_872523 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most likely cause of a space occupying lesion of the brain?

A

Glioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four most common cancers in women?

A

LungColonMelanomaBreast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What must metastasis penetrate to reach the brain

A

BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a carcinoid tumour?

A

Slow growing neuroendocrine tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A

Array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumour, notably serotonin. Hot flushes and diarrhea common symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is the lung a common site of metastasis?

A

High blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why would you get a DVT in pancreatic cancer

A

Increased production of clotting factors, change in blood constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name and describe a mechanism via which a benign tumour could cause hypercalcaemia

A

Solitary parathyroid adenoma - Cyclin D expression, cyclin dependent kinase activated cause retinoblastoma protein deactivation which means unrestrained growth. Release PTH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By what mechanism can malignant tumours cause hypercalcamia?

A

Ectopic secretion of PTHrp, which mimics actions of PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can anaemia occur in cancer?

A

Haemolysis inudcedBlood lossDecreased blood production (leaukaemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Severe weight loss, weakness and loss of appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is cachexia caused?

A

TNF - a - Produced by macrophages, induces fever, apoptosis, sepsis and cachexiaIncreased lipolysis by tumourProteolysis inducing factorHormones involved in appetiteIncreased energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cancers appeared first and second after hiroshima?

A

Leukaemia first, skin and lung cancer second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What oncogene is of relevance in the development of thryoid cancers following exposure to radiation?

A

Ret oncogene (tyrosine kinase receptor) promotes cell proliferation when activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occured as a result of irridation of the spines of men with ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two explanations for the high incidence of cancer in areas surrounding power stations other than the power station itself?

A

Radion gasFamilial clustering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most important fact in determinng the prognosis of a melanoma?

A

Size of melanoma, deeper means more luymphatic drainage and spread

18
Q

What are the 6 things to look for when assesing a mole?

A

AssymetryBorder irregularityColour changeDdepthElevation

19
Q

What was the agent in soot which was responsible for the development in scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

20
Q

Give another occupational cause of cancer

A

Textile workers and aromatic amins

21
Q

What are the two main carcinogenic substances in cigarette smoke?

A

Polycylcic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene

22
Q

What is the mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have effect?

A

P450 hydroxylates it, making it soluble and more reactiveDamage DNA, playing a key role in mutagenesis

23
Q

What effect does smoking have on bronchial epithelium?

A

Hyperplasia and metaplasia.Ciliated columnar epithelial cells –> Squamous cell

24
Q

What other tumurs are associated with cigarette smoking?

A

Breast, bladder and stomach

25
Q

What are the clinical and pathological features of familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Thousands of polyps on bowel wallHigher risk of bowel cancer

26
Q

What gene is involved in familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Mutations in APC gene, autosomal dominant

27
Q

What other genetic alterations have to occur for carcinoma to form?

A

Alterations in both tumour supressor genes and a proto-oncogene

28
Q

How does hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer differ from familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

No polyps form, other cancers form other than colorectal ovarian|, stomach|, pancreas|, pancreas

29
Q

What kinds of cancers can be found in the testicles?

A

Germ cell tumoursLymphomas

30
Q

What tumour marker would be reaised in testicular canceR?

A

HCG Raised in non-seminomatous testicular tumours

31
Q

How can tumour markers be helpful in assessing treatment?

A

Measure before and after surgical treatment to compare levels and assess if reccurence is occurin’

32
Q

What type of cells are found in the lymph nodes in hodgkins lymphoma?

A

EosinophilsReed stennenberg cells

33
Q

What are B symptoms in cancer?

A

FeverNight sweatsWeight loss

34
Q

What three clinical signs are useful in the staging of breast cancer?

A

Size of tyumour, metastasis, lymph node involvement

35
Q

How does tamoxifen work?

A

Competitively inhibits osetrogen receptors, reducing oestrogen dependent proliferation

36
Q

What are the side effects of tamoxifen?

A

Can have an effect on endometrium causing bleeding

37
Q

Give three causes of colorectal bleeding

A

CancerHaemrrhoidsUlcerative colitis

38
Q

Give three factors which help assess the differentiaition of a lesion

A

PleomorphismNumber of mitosesGland formation

39
Q

Describe dukes staging for the assesment of colorectal cancer

A

A - Invasion into but not through bowelB - Invasion through bowel wallC - Involves lymph nodesD - Dustabt metastases

40
Q

Give four factors which can cause raised PSA

A

Prostate-Neoplasia- inflammation- benign enlargement

41
Q

What is the value of cervical screening?

A

Can see dysplasia before symptoms occura nd treat or take preventative measures

2 - MOD (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions