deck_549846 Flashcards
What is the definition of chronic inflammation?
Definition: chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis; may overlap with host immunity
What are macrophages derived from?
monocytes
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Chronic inflammatory cells
What are the three functions of lymphocytes?
o Adaptive immune responseo B lymphocytes > antibodieso T lymphocytes > control & cytotoxic functions
What are plasma cells derived from?
Terminally differentiated B lymphocytes
What do plasma cells imply?
Chronic inflammation
What do plasma cells do?
Synthesis and secrete antibodies
What do plasma cells look like?
o Clock face chromatino Pale around nucleus – lots of golgi
What reactions are Eosinophills involved in?
- Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, some tumours
What do eosinophils look like?
- Appearance: “sunburtn face with sunglasses”`
What are fibroblasts recruited by?
Macrophages
What pathology underlies scarring?
Fibrosis
How do giant cells appear?
Multinucleated and via the fusion of macrophages
What is are the roles of macrophages?
- Phagocytosis of non-pyogenic debris and bacteria- Anti-gen presentation- Synthesis of cytokines, complement factors, blood clotting factors and proteases- Control of other cells via cytokine release
What do macrophages fuse together to form?
o Langhans – TB – horse shoe shapedo Foreign body type – disorganizedo Touton – fat necrosis
When might chronic inflammation arise?
- May take over from acute inflammation if damage too severe- May occur De Novo
How does chronic inflammation occur de novo? (4)
- Autoimmune disease e.g. rheumatoid arthritis* Chronic infections e.g. viral hepatitis* Chronic low level irritation e.g. suture (considered a foreign body)* May develop alongside acute inflammation e.g. if severe/repeated inflammation
Give five complications of chronic inflammation
- Fibrosis (scarring) e.g. cirrhosis of the liver* Impaired function e.g. chronic inflammatory bowel disease > diarrhoea* Increased function (rare) e.g. thyrotoxicosis* Atropy e.g. autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands/ gastric mucosa* Stimulated immune responsep
What is chronic cholecystitis and how is it caused?Give a treatment
- Repeated obstruction, of cystic duct of gall bladder by gallstones > ischaemia* Repeated acute inflammation > chronic inflammation* Fibrosis of bladder wall* Treated with surgicalremoval
What is gastric ulceration and how is it caused?
- Acute gastritis (alcohol, drugs)- Helicobacter pylori > chronic gastric ulceration* Occurs due to imbalance between acid production and mucosal defence* Fibrosis of stomach mucosa
Give two types of inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitisChron’s disease
What is ulcerative colitis? Give two treatments
o Superficialo Diarrhoea > dehydration > malnutritiono Bleeding- Treat with immunosupression, surgical removal of the large bowel
What is crohn’s disease? Give three treatments
o Transmuralo Strictureso Fistulae: connections between two eipthelia- Treat with lifestyle modifications, diet/hydration, immunosupression
What is inflammatory bowel disease? Give two symptoms
- Infllammatory disease affecting the large and small bowel. Present with diarrhea, rectal bleeding and other symptoms
