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Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

a factor of inheritance for a particular trait or characteristic of an organism. It is composed of a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA. This sequence acts as a template for RNA synthesis and ultimately the formation of a specific protein in a cell.

Question 2

Alleles

Answer 2

different forms that a gene can come in. For example, a gene may code for seed colour in corn plants, while different alleles of this gene could include green, yellow, or purple seed colour.

Question 3

Recessive Allele

Answer 3

an Allele that is not expressed phenotypically in the heterozygous condition

Question 4

Dominant Allele

Answer 4

One whose phenotypic effect is the same in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

A diploid organism with particular gene(s) having two different alleles for the gene(s)

Question 6

Homozygous

Answer 6

A diploid organism with particular gene(s) having two identical alleles for the gene(s)

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

the genetic makeup of an organism. Always use descriptive words to indicate genotypes

Question 8

Phenotypes

Answer 8

expressed traits of an organism. Always use descriptive words to indicate phenotypes.

Question 9

Frequency

Answer 9

the proportion of one type if thing (e.g. a genotype of phenotype) to the total population. Frequencies will range between 0 and 1, and a total of frequencies will add up to 1.

Question 10

If there are 56 students in a class and 26 are male and 30 are female, what is the frequency of males and females

Answer 10

males: 26/56=0.46females: 30/56=0.54

Question 11

Ratio

Answer 11

The proportion of one type of thing to another. In genetics, you will use both genotypic and phenotypic ratios

Question 12

Genotypic frequency example

Answer 12

0.5 Dd, 0.25 DD, 0.25 dd

Question 13

Phenotypic frequency example

Answer 13

0.75 green seeds, 0.25 white seeds

Question 14

Genotypic ratio

Answer 14

the relative numbers of each different genotype in a given generation of offspring are expressed in ratio form e.g. 1 DD: 2 Dd: 1 dd

Question 15

Phenotypic ratio

Answer 15

The relative numbers of each different phenotype in a given generation of offspring are expressed in ratio form. e.g. 3 green seeds: 1 white seed

Question 16

Punnett Square

Answer 16

Is used to simulate the combinations of male and female gametes to form diploid zygotes (the offspring of the next generation).

Question 17

Monohybrid cross

Answer 17

is between two organisms that differ with respect to one characteristic.

Question 18

Dihybrid cross

Answer 18

Is between two organisms that differ with respect to two characteristics. In the following experiments, the characteristics of interest are plant height and plant colour (for this particular experiment)

Question 19

Mendel’s 2nd Law

Answer 19

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

Question 20

Test cross

Answer 20

Involves crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual. A homozygous recessive individual contributes only recessive alleles to any offspring from the test cross, making it easier to determine what the unknown genotype must be. Test crosses can also be used to test known genotype to determine if the genes in question are on different chromosomes (independent assortment) or the same chromosomes (gene linkage)

Question 21

Test-cross progeny

Answer 21

Can be predicted using two scenarios, depending on whether the genes are on different chromosomes or are linked on the same chromosome. Each scenario demonstrates two different results.

Question 22

Mendel’s 1st Law

Answer 22

Alleles of one gene segregate from one another during the formation of gametes

Question 23

Principle of Dominance

Answer 23

When parents differ in one characteristic, their hybrid offspring resemble only one of the parents and are not a blend of the two parent phenotypes.

Question 24

Principle of Segregation

Answer 24

When a hybrid reproduces, it produces two kinds of reproductive cells- half passing on the dominant character of one parent, and the other half passing on the recessive character of the other parent

Question 25

The object of the test-cross exercise

Answer 25

The objective of this exercise is to determine if the genes for seed colour and seed shape are located on different chromosomes (scenario 1) or on the same chromosome (gene linkage- scenario 2)