Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCS-Pathology > Deck 7 > Flashcards

Deck 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Teratoma definition

A

a tumour composed of or able to form tissue from all germ lines (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does rise in bHCG lead to gynocomastia

A
  1. bHCG acts like LH on Laydig cells
  2. Laydig cells produce more testosterone and oestrogen (Higher oestrogen to testosterone ratio)
  3. higher oestrogen -> gynocomastia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common type of renal cancer

A

RCC 80-85% (clear cell (80%), papillary (15%), chromophobe)

TCC of kidneys rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Von Hippel Lindau syndrome

A

autosomal dominant hereditary condition predisposes to

  • RCC
  • pheochromocytoma
  • pancreatic tumours
  • CNS haemangioblastomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Von Hippel Lindau syndrome

A

autosomal dominant hereditary condition predisposes to

  • RCC
  • pheochromocytoma
  • pancreatic tumours
  • CNS haemangioblastomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RFs for bladder TCC

A

Modifable:

  • smoking
  • dye or rubber industry

Non-modifiable:

  • age
  • male
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bladder carcinoma in situ treatment

A

TURBT

BCG or chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is urine removed post radical cystectomy

A

A section of ileum with its blood supply is removed and used to form a bag
Ureters are attached to this bag
A stoma is created for urine drainage

The bowel is re-anastomosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why not take ileum proximal to ileocaecal valve for ileal conduit formation

A

patients end up with B12 deficiency -> macrocytic anaemia and degeneragtion of cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do chief cells of stomach secrete

A

pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Calcium levels and peptic ulcer?

A

High calcium stimulates acid secretion

Hypercalcaemia associated with PUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PPI mech of action

A

Blocks H/K ATPase on parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gastric cancer mets sites

A

Lymphatic: local then supraclavicular nodes (Virchow node)
Local: omenta, pancreas, diaphragm
Haem: liver, lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Virchow’s triad of clotting

A
  1. hypercoaguable state
  2. abnormal blood flow
  3. endothelial injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Abnormal blood flow examples for virchows triad

A

AF
Stasis (eg immobility)
Turbulent flow (aneurysm, stents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common thyroid tumour

A

Follicular adenoma

16
Q

Most common primary malignant thyroid tumour

A

Papillary carcinoma

17
Q

Which cells affected in medullary carcinoma

A

Parafollicular c cells (calcitonin)

18
Q

What type of bacteria is TB

A

Weakly gram positive
Non motile
Non sporulating

19
Q

Examples of mycobacterium

A

M. avium : respiratory and GI sx

M. tuberculosis

20
Q

Where does TB affect

A

90% lung

20 % affect also other organs: Pleura, CNS, lymphatics, GU, MSK

21
Q

Pott’s disease (in relation to TB)

A

TB of spine
Affects lower thoracic, upper lumbar
Progressive destruction of bones and disc + abscess

21
Q

Pott’s disease (in relation to TB)

A

TB of spine
Affects lower thoracic, upper lumbar
Progressive destruction of bones and disc + abscess

22
Q

What is miliary TB

A

TB widely spread through haematogenous route

Multiple opacities throughout lung, liver, spleen, pancreas

23
Q

Ix for active TB

A
  1. Fluid sample (sputum or bronchial lavage)
    - acid-fast bacilli staining or Ziehl-Neelsen staining
  2. PCR or gene probe to differentiate specific type of mycobacterium + test for multidrug resistance
  3. Imaging: CT and CXR
24
Q

Tests for latent TB

A
  1. interferon gamma release assay (eg quantiferon blood test)
    - more reliable
  2. Immunological tests: Mantoux or tuberculin skin test

Small amount of tuberculin injected into forearm and presence of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction is assessed

25
Q

Issues with mantoux test

A

Positive in pt who had BCG vaccine

Negative in immunosuppressed§§

26
Q

Medical mx of TB

A

Chemotherapeutic regime:

eg rifampicin , isoniazid, pyrazinamide , ethambutol

2 months of 4 followed by 2 months of 2

27
Q

Granuloma def

A

An organised collection of macrophages, some fuse to form Langerhans giant cells

Often surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes

MRCS-Pathology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions