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MRCS-Pathology > Deck 2 > Flashcards

Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

CCrisp mx of acutely unwell patient

A
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2
Q

Daily mx plan for stable pt as per CCrisP protocol

A
  1. Ix ?bloods ?imaging
  2. Specialist input
  3. E+D? supplements?
  4. Pain
  5. PT/OT
  6. Drain/tube removal
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3
Q

Causes of large bowel obstruction

A

Tumour
Diverticular stricture
Volvulus

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4
Q

Small bowel obstruction causes

A

Hernia
Adhesions

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5
Q

Layers of mucosa of GI tract

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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6
Q

Adenoma-carcinoma sequence

A

Series of mutations for eptheilal cells to become malignant cells

  1. mutation of APC tumour suppressor gene -> hyperproliferation
  2. KRAS oncogene mutation-> dysplasia
  3. P53 tumour supressor mutation -> adenocarcinoma

Hyperproliferation -> adenoma formation -> carcinoma

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7
Q

Define adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of glandular cells

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8
Q

Neoplasm definition

A

An abnormal mass of tissue with:
1. uncoordinated growth
2. growth exceeds normal tissue
3. persists after cessation of stimulus

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9
Q

Where does colorectal cancer mets

A

Bone
Liver
Lung
Brain

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10
Q

Which functional segments of liver correlate to right and left lobe

A

Left: 2-4
Right: 5-8

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11
Q

Liver tumours

A

Benign:
- haemangioma
- adenoma

Primary:
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- HCC

Secondary:
Mets eg from colon

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12
Q

Commonest type of liver tumour

A

Metastatic

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13
Q

Commonest type of primary bone cancer

A

Myeloma (osteosarcoma is the second most common)

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14
Q

Pus definition

A

Collection of neutrophils + dead and dying micro-organisms

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15
Q

Cyst definition

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing gas/liquid

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16
Q

Cyst vs pseudocyst

A

Cyst lined with epithelial/endothelial cells pseudocyst isnt

17
Q

Sinus definition

A

Blind ending trac lined with granulation tissue

Eg connecting abscess to skin

18
Q

Fistula definition

A

an abnormal connection between 2 epithelial or endothelial surfaces

19
Q

Stoma definition

A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

20
Q

Diverticular definition

A

outpouching of a hollow viscus into surrounding tissue

21
Q

Clot vs thrombus definition

A

Clot: solid material derived from the constituents of blood in STATIONARY blood

Thrombus: solid material derived from the constituents of blood in flowing blood

22
Q

Embolus definition

A

Abnormal mass of insoluble material that is carried in the bloodstream to another place.

23
Q

Necrosis definition

A

Abnormal tissue death during life

24
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction definition

A

Abnormal reaction of host’s immune response to a particular stimuli

25
Q

Tumour marker definition

A

A substance that can be found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasia

26
Q

Polyp definition

A

Mass of tissue arising from epithelial surface

27
Q

Polyp definition

A

Mass of tissue arising from epithelial surface

28
Q

Hyperplasia definition

A

Increase in size of a tissue through increase in number of cells

29
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of a tissue through increase in the number of cells

30
Q

Hamartoma definition

A

Tumour-like malformation composed of a disorganised amount of tissue normally found at that site

Grows under normal control mechanisms

31
Q

Metaplasia definition

A

Reversible change of one fully differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type

32
Q

Dysplasia def

A
  • Disordered cellular development
  • increased mitosis and pleomorphism
  • Without the ability to invade the basement membrane
  • changes resolve after removal of stimulus
33
Q

Carcinoma vs sarcoma

A

Carcinoma: malignant tumour of epithelial cells

Sarcoma: malignant tumour of connective tissue

34
Q

Metastasis definition

A

Survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a distant site from the primary tumour

35
Q

Atrophy def

A

Reduction in size of tissue or organ due to either reduction in number or size of cells

36
Q

Apoptosis definition

A

programmed cell death
(auto digestion without causing inflammatory response)

37
Q

System for looking at abdo xray

A
  1. Patient and film details
    Penetration and adequacy
  2. Large/small bowel
  3. Extra-luminal gas
  4. Organs: liver, kidney, spleen, psoas
  5. Bones: vertebra, SI joints, femoral head
  6. Others: catheters, NG tube
37
Q

Commonest type of liver tumour

A

Metastasitic

37
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction definition

A

Abnormal reaction of host’s immune response to a particular stimuli

MRCS-Pathology (11 decks)

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