Deck 3/Page 3

Question 1

define continuous capillary and location

Answer 1

the plasma membranes form a continuous uninterrupted ring around lumen; found in skeletal, smooth muscle, CT’s and lungs

Question 2

define fenestrated capillary and location

Answer 2

the endothelial plasma membranes contain pores (holes); found in the glomeruli of kidneys and villi of small intestine

Question 3

define sinusoids and location

Answer 3

contain spaces between the endothelia cells with basement membranes being incomplete or absent; found in liver and spleen

Question 4

Main difference between an Artery and Vein

Answer 4

Tunica Media = thin layer of smooth muscle; Much thinner than an artery

Question 5

Characteristics of Veins

Answer 5

1. carry blood toward the heart
2. venues extend from capillaries and merge together to form veins
3. thin walled vessels with 3 tunics
4. cary blood under LOW pressure
5. contain valves
6. carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide and low in O2, Except pulmonary veins

Question 6

Wall structure of an Artery and Vein (3 tunics)

Answer 6

1. tunica intima = innermost layer (endothelium plus basement membrane)
2. tunica media = smooth muscle
   (thin layer = vein) (Thick layer = artery)
3. tunica externa/ adventitia = outermost (elastic and collagen fibers)

Question 7

the cardiovascular (CV) center and vasomotor is located in what area of the brain stem?

Answer 7

medulla

Question 8

Nerve impulses are sent TO the centers from what 3 areas?

Answer 8

1. Higher brain centers
2. Baroreceptors = (pressoreceptors) that detect changes in BP in aorta and carotid arteries
3. Chemoreceptors = detect changes in key blood chemical concentrations (H, CO2, O2)

Question 9

What happens during center output for regulation of BP?

Answer 9

1. nerve impulses are sent From CV center To the SA node

2. nerve impulses are sent From vasomotor center to the smooth muscle of the peripheral blood vessels (arterioles)

Question 10

What happens if BP is too high?

Answer 10

1. baroreceptors are detected
2. they send impulse of CV and vasomotor center
3. CV center interprets that message and sends a signal to the SA node which Decreases HR, lowering CO and BP
4. the vasomotor center sends an impulse to the arterioles causing vasodilation, which lowers bp

Question 11

What hormones Increase BP?

Answer 11

1. Epinephrine and norepinephrine (causes vasoconstriction)
2. ADH (increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys (DCT) and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles during diuresis and during hemorrhage)
3. Angiotensin ll = has 4 diff. targets that cause vasoconstriction and causes secretion of aldosterone
4. Aldosterone = increases Na+ and water absorption in kidneys (PCT)

Question 12

Hormones that Decrease BP

Answer 12

1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) = causes vasodilation of arterioles and promotes the loss of salt and water in urine
2. Histamine = causes vasodilation of arterioles (plays a key role in inflammation)

Question 13

Define Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 13

the vessels that carry blood from the R ventricle to the lungs, and the vessels that return blood to the L atrium

Question 14

Steps of Pulmonary circuit

Answer 14

1. pulmonary trunk
2. R and L pulmonary arteries
3. capillaries in lungs
4. R and L pulmonary veins

Question 15

Define Systemic circuit

Answer 15

the vessels that carry blood from the heart to body cells and back to the heart

Question 16

what is pulse deficit?

Answer 16

difference between cardiac concentrations and pulse

Question 17

What are the regions of the Aorta

Answer 17

1. ascending aorta
2. aortic arch
3. thoracic aorta
4. abdominal aorta (terminates at the brim of the pelvis and branches into each leg = common iliac arteries

Question 18

Branches of Ascending aorta

Answer 18

R and L coronary a. (myocardium

Question 19

Branches of Aortic Arch

Answer 19

1. brachiocephalic a (R and L side of head and arm) =

A. R and L subclavian: 
axillary (brachial, radial, ulnar)
-> 1. vertebral 
-> 2. basilar (brain)
*CIRCLE OF WILLIS 

B. R and L common carotid a. (R and L side of head)

Question 20

1 Heart Disease

Answer 20

Eschemic Heart Disease “Coronary heart disease”

Cause: due to decreased blood flow

Question 21

2 Heart Disease

Answer 21

Hypertension / High BP

Cause is multi factorial