Deck 2/ Page 2

Question 1

Ischemia

Answer 1

= poor blood supply and

= reduction of blood flow

Question 2

Hypoxia

Answer 2

Reduced O2 supply DUE to Ischemia (low O2 in cell)

Question 3

Hypoxemia

Answer 3

Poor O2 in presence of normal blood flow

Question 4

Angina Pectoris

Answer 4

“Strangled Chest”

Severe pain that accompanies myocardial ischemia

Question 5

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris (4)

Answer 5

1. crushing of chest, pain radiating down Left arm
2. labored breathing, dizziness, perspiration
3. occurs during exertion, fades w/rest
4. relieved by nitroglycerin (vasodilator)

Question 6

Difference between Stable Angina and Unstable Angina:

Answer 6

Unstable: doesn’t follow a pattern, can occur with or without physical exertion
Rest and medicine may not help

Stable: occurs with exertion
Relieved by rest and vasodilators

Both conditions have Atherosclerosis

Question 7

What causes Reperfusion Damage?

Answer 7

Occurs when an oxygen deprived tissue (hypoxic) tissue’s blood supply is reestablished

a. due to formation of oxygen free radicals- anitoxidants defend the body against this damage and include the enzyme catalase, Vit E, C, and beta-carotene

Question 8

CCS - Cardiac Conduction System is responsible for what?

Answer 8

for initiating and distributing cardiac (electrical) impulses through the heart muscle

-causes it to beat

Question 9

Steps of CCS

Answer 9

1. Sinoatrial Node (SA node) - PACEMAKER-
2. Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
3. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)
4. Right and Left bundle branches
5. Purkinje Fibers

Question 10

What is the Pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 10

Sionatrial Node (SA)

Question 11

Why is the refractory period between cardiac muscle contractions is so long

Answer 11

this is the time period following a contraction when a second contraction cannot be triggered

It takes so long because its necessary for ventricles to relax and fill with blood before contracting to eject the blood

Question 12

Name the term referring to all the events associated with one heartbeat

Answer 12

cardiac cycle

Question 13

Define systole

Answer 13

phase of contraction

Question 14

Define Diastole

Answer 14

phase of relaxation

Question 15

Heart sounds:
What they represent
How they sound
How they are detected

Answer 15

1. Represent the closing of heart valves
2. Lubb= closing of AV valves (loud and long)
   Dupp= closing of SL valves (short and sharp)
3. detected through stethoscope

*Murmur = If the closing of the valve cusps is incomplete, some blood may leak back

Question 16

Define Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 16

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in ONE minute

HR x SV

Normal CO is 5 liters

Question 17

Define HR

Answer 17

number of beats per minute

Question 18

Define Stroke Volume (SV)

Answer 18

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with ONE Beat

Question 19

Factors that regulate HR

Answer 19

1. Autonomic NS (in medulla of brainstem)
   - parasympathetic = decreases
   - sympathetic = increases
2. Chemicals (hormones, ions- calcium increases, potassium and sodium decreases)
3. Age (decreases)
4. Sex (F= increased M= decreased)
5. Temperature
6. Emotion
7. Disease

Question 20

Hemodynamics

Answer 20

a branch of physiology that deals with the circulation of the blood.