Deck 1 Flashcards
1
Q
pterophytes are photosynthetic in which phases
A
gametophyte and sporophyte
2
Q
water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is less or greater
A
greater
3
Q
cells have a blank water potential than fresh water soil
A
lower
4
Q
what absorbs most of the plants water and provide great surface area
A
root hairs
5
Q
what kind of fungi increase root surface area
A
mycorrhizae
6
Q
what mineral does mycorrhizae help a plant uptake the most
A
phosphorus
7
Q
xylem has a blank water potential than the root tissue
A
lower
8
Q
water has blank strength which is why water can defy gravity in the xylem
A
tensile
9
Q
water molecules blank to one another due to hydrogen bonds
A
cohere
10
Q
water molecules blank to the walls of the xylem due to polarity
A
adhere
11
Q
tensile strength of a water column varies blank with its diamater
A
inversely
12
Q
what can break tensile strength
A
air bubble
13
Q
xylem has a blank water potential than leaves
A
higher
14
Q
water vapor leaves the leaf through the blank
A
stoma
15
Q
the leaf has a blank water potential than the air
A
higher
16
Q
what manages the rate of transpiration
A
guard cells
17
Q
closing the stomata can control water loss on a blank basis because they must be open at some point to allow blank in
A
short term and co2
18
Q
stomata close when
A
high temps or increased co2 concentrations
19
Q
alternative photosynthetic pathways like cam blank transpiration
A
reduce
20
Q
stomata opens when guard cells become
A
turgid
21
Q
when solutes are pumped into guard cells it causes the water potential to blank
A
decrease
22
Q
abscisic acid causes stomata to blank and causes water to blank because the water potentials blanks
A
close, move out, increases
23
Q
water moves 1-4 in transpiration
A
into roots, up xylem, into mesophyll in leaves, evaporates through stoma
24
Q
additional forces to move water other than transpiration
A
root pressure
25
root pressure causes blank
guttation
26
what is guttation
dew
27
root pressure is blank than transpiration
different
28
three transport routes through cells
apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route
29
movement through the cell walls and the space between cells
apoplast route
30
cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata
symplast route
31
cytoplasm is connected by blank
plasmodesmata
32
membrane transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells and permits the greatest control
transmembrane
33
molecules must pass through the blank to reach the xylem
endodermal cells (casparian strip)
34
what two things are essential for bulk transport of minerals
tracheids and vessels
35
how much of plant water is lost to air through stomata
90 percent
36
what two factors increase evaporation
temperature and wind velocity
37
two adaptations of plants to limit water loss
dormancy, loss of leaves
38
plants form these two things two adjust to being underwater
form larger lenticels and adventitious roots
39
loose parenchymal with large air spaces that collect oxygen and transport it to submerged parts of plants
aerenchyma
40
plants that grow in salt water are called
mangroves
41
mangroves produce these air filled roots that have large lenticels
pneumatophores
42
phloem loading is the process in which blank are transported through the plant and into the cells
sugars
43
A body cavity
Coelom
44
First opening of embryo is the mouth
Protostome
45
First opening of the embryo is anus
Deuterostome
46
Immobile hydras and sponges are called
Sessile
47
This type of animal has epidermal and collar cells as well as amoebocytes
Sponges
48
Protects sponges like glass and stiffens body walls
Spicules
49
Spicules are what shape
Needle like
50
Are sponges sessile or motile
Sessile
51
Cnidarian with an upward pointing mouth
Polyp
52
Cnidarian with a downward pointing mouth
Medusa
53
Refers to a general light triggered development
Photomorphogenesis
54
Are directional growth responses to light
Phototropisms
55
A pigment containing protein
Phytochrome
56
Phytochrome has two parts and they are
Chromophore and apoprotein
57
Part of Phytochrome that is light receptive
Chromophore
58
Part of phytochrome that initiates a signal transduction pathway
Apoprotein
59
Two inconvertible forms of a phytochrome
Pr and Pfr
60
Phytochrome that Absorbs red light at 660 nm and is found in sunlight
Pr
61
Phytochrome that absorbs far red light at 730 nm and is found more in reflected light
Pfr
62
Blank is the active form of phytochrome and blank is the inactive form
Pfr then Pr
63
When Pr absorbs red light it converts to
Pfr
64
Phytochrome that enters the nucleus and binds to transcription factors leading to the expression of light regulated genes
Pfr
65
How many forms of phytochrome are there
Five
66
Three plant growth responses that phytochromes are involved in
Seed germination, shoot elongation, and detection of plant spacing
67
The bending of growing stems to sources of light with blue wavelengths 460 nm range
Phototropisms
68
The response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth
Gravitropism
69
Shoots exhibit blank gravitropism
Negative
70
Roots exhibit blank gravitropism
Positive
71
Where is gravity sensed in a plant
Along stem in endodermal cells
72
What are the signaling structures for a stem to respond to gravity
Amyloplasts sinking in cytoplasm
73
Accumulates on lower side of stem due to amyloplasts position
Auxin
74
Where is the site of gravity perception in roots
Cap
75
Cells closer to gravity source grow blank
Less
76
Permanent response to mechanical stress
Thigmomorphogenesis
77
Directional response to mechanical stress
Thigmotropism
78
Cells that have reversible changes in turgid pressure and respond to touch
Pulvini
79
Some turgor movements are caused by blank to maximize photosynthesis
Light
80
Dropping of leaves or petals
Abscission
81
Two layers produced by hormones prior to abscission
Protective and separation
82
Plants produce blank proteins when it's cold and blank proteins when it's hot
Antifreeze, heat shock
83
This explains how plants can survive lethal temperatures if exposed gradually
Thermotolerance
84
T or f plants do not produce hormones by glands
TRUE
85
Chemicals produced in one part of an organsim and transported to another part where they exert a response
Hormones
86
Who discovered auxin
Charles and Francis Darwin
87
Describe Darwin auxin experiment
Four groups. Control plant, lightproof cap plant, transparent cap plant, lightproof collar plant. Bending towards sunlight
88
Who named auxin
Frits went
89
Describe Frits went experment
Agar gel and diffused auxin out of tip into gel and put the gel with auxin onto tip of plant
90
Who demonstrated that auxin migrates away to the shaded portion of the shoot
Winslow Briggs
91
How did Briggs experiment work?
Inserted barriers in a shoot tip and it resulted in equal amounts of auxin in both the light and dark side of the barrier.
92
Blank hypothesis provides a model linking auxin to cell wall expansion
Acid growth
93
Produced in the root apical meristem's and developing fruits. they also stimulates cell division and differentiation they also promote the growth of Lateral branches
.
94
This is the plant hormone has important effects on stem elongation. Adding these two dwarf mutants restores normal growth.
Gibberellins
95
Gibberellins also hastens germination which makes blank
Bigger fruit
96
Specialized stinging cells of jellyfish and hydras
Cnidocytes
97
Te thing that actually does the stinging in stinging cells
Nematocysts
98
Suspended animals that serve as food for larger ocean animals
Zooplankton
99
The Sea anemone is a polyp or medusa
Polyp
100
Cup coral is a polyp or medusa
Polyp
101
Portuguese man of war is a medusa or polyp
Medusa
102
Jellyfish is a polyp or medusa
Medusa
103
Fee living flatworms are called
Planarians
104
Do planarians have body cavities
No
105
What kind of coelom do roundworms have
Pseudocoelom
106
Common and abundant freshwater animals
Rotifera
107
Ciliated wheel shape that Rotifers have
Corona
108
Example of animal with no tissues
Sponge
109
Example of animal with two tissues
Hydra
110
Example of animal with three tissues
Planarian
111
Any angle symmetry
Radial
112
One cut symmetry
Bilateral
113
Two adult forms of cnidarians
Sessile and motile
114
Characteristic to designate groups of sponges
Type of spicule
115
Do cnidarians have gastrovascular cavities
Yes
116
A gas that retards growth in plants and ripens fruit
Ethylene
117
Synthesized mainly in green leaves, fruits and root caps and it counteracts gibberellins and auxin
Abscisic acid
118
Lack of abscisic acid causes seeds to grow where
Inside parents
119
Before plants can form, they must undergo a blank
Phase change
120
What happens when sea turtles are polluted with light
They don't make it to the ocean
121
Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering that have been identified
Light dependent, temp dependent, gibberellin dependent, autonomous
122
Pathway that is Also termed the photoperiodic pathway that is sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each twenty four hour period
Light dependent
123
Obligate long or short day plants blank light to flower
In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light
124
In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light
Facultative
125
The plant uses the length of blank rather than blank to determine when to flower
Night, day
126
If night is interrupted with a flash of light then how will the plant interpret it
As a full day
127
A pathway that plants require. Of chilling before flowering called vernalization
.
128
Pathway where gibber Ellen binds to gene promoters and enhances it it it's expression thereby promoting flowering this is a pathway
Gibberellin dependent
129
What happens when there's a decrease in the amount of gibberellin
Flowering is delayed
130
This pathway only depends on basic nutrition and it allows day neutral plants to count knows and remember node location
Autonomous
131
A pathway where a plant needs a uniform number of nodes before flowering
Autonomous
132
A model for flowering that proposes that three Organ identity gene classes specify the four whorls
The ABC model
133
How many whorls does a complete flower have
Four
134
In incomplete flower lacks what
A whorl
135
Floral organs are thought to evolved from what
Leaves
136
A flower structure that consists of flatten sepals
Calyx
137
A flower structure that consists of fused petals
Corolla
138
Flower structure that is a collective term for stamens and the stamen consists of a filament and enter
Androecium
139
A flower structure that is a collective term for Carpell's a Carpell consists of an ovule ovary style and stigma
Gynoecium
140
The blank generation is very small and completely enclosed within parent sporophyte
Gametophyte
141
The male gametophyte is
Pollen grains
142
The female gametophyte is
Embryo sac
143
The micro gametophyte is
Pollen
144
The Megagametophyte is
Embryo sac
145
A microspore mother cell produces how many microspores
Four
146
Each microspore develops by blank into A pollen grain
Mitosis
147
A pollen grain consists of what
Tube cell and sperm cells
148
A megaspore mother cell produces how many megaspores
Four
149
How many megastores actually survive and what does this megaspore become
One survives and becomes embryo sac
150
The embryo sac enlarges in undergoes repeated mitotic cell divisions to produce how many haploid nuclei
Eight
151
The process by which pollen is placed on the stigma
Pollination
152
Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flowers stigma
Cross pollination
153
Name three pollinators
Bees butterflies and birds
154
What kind of flowers do the three pollinators like
Bees yellow. Butterflies landing platforms. Birds red
155
What kind of pollination is favored in stable environments
Self pollination
156
Three evolutionary strategies that promote outcrossing in pollination
Separation of structures in time, separation of structures in space, and self incompatibility
157
Dioecious and monoecious are examples of what evolutionary strategy
Separation of structures in space
158
Known as dichogamus and stamens and carpels in the same flower reach maturity at the different times
Separation of structures in time
159
Plants that require a chilling period before flowering
Vernalization
160
When stamens and carpels of the same flower reach maturity at different times is called
Dichogamous
161
An evolutionary strategy that the stigma recognizes and blocks the self pollen tube
Self incompatibility
162
This cell forms a pollen tube that pierces the style
Tube cell
163
It's cell divides to form two sperm cells
Generative cell
164
Asexual reproduction where plant individuals are cloned from,parts of adults
Vegetative
165
Oldest living tree is 4000 years old and is what kind of tree
Bristle cone pine
166
Plants that are able to flower and Produce seeds and fruit for indefinite number of growing seasons
Perennial
167
Plants that drop their leaves at a particular time of year
Deciduous
168
Plants that drop their leaves throughout the year
Evergreen
169
Plants that grow flower form fruits and seeds and typically died within one growing season
Annual
170
The process that leads to the death of the plant after one season is called blank
Senescence
171
Plants that have two year lifecycles and they store energy for the first year and flower the second year
Biennial
172
Sponges are in phylum
Porifera
173
Jellyfish and hydras are in phylum
Cnidaria
174
Flatworms are in phylum
Platyhelminthes
175
Roundworms are phyla
Nematoda
176
Rotifers are in phyla
Rotifera
177
Clams, snails, squid, oysters, scallops are in phyla
Mollusk a
178
Earthworms and leeches are in phylum
Annelida
179
Three types of mollusca
Bivalves, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda
180
Both mollusk a and Annelida have
Bilateral symmetry, coelom, protostome, multicellular, and three germ layers.
181
How many hearts of squid
Three
182
Thin tissue that encloses visceral mass and may secrete. She'll in mollusks
Mantle
183
In mollusks that enclose the internal organs
Visceral mass
184
How the clams filter feed with what structure inside shell
Siphon
185
Cephalization is another term for blank
Had
186
Segmented worms
Annelida
187
Earthworms use what hairy structures to help them move
Setae
188
Secretes mucus and holds worms together during mating
Clitellum
189
Digestive system of earthworm in order
Pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard
190
What earthworm eats
Detritus
191
Little white structures that are part of earthworms excretory system
Nephridia
192
In earth worm the seminal blanks are bigger than the seminal blanks
Vesicles bigger than receptacles
193
A fold in worms that increase the intestines surface area
Typhlosole
194
cells of animals are organized into blank and blank
tissues and tissue layers
195
five key transitions noted in animal evolution
tissues, symmetry, body cavity, development, segmentation
196
sponges are these and they lack tissues and organs
parazoa
