Decision Making Flashcards
Explain the 4 main concepts behind classic (analytical) decision making
Choice
Input/output: predicting which choice should be used with an ideal outcome in mind.
Comprehensive: deliberate & analytical process requiring though are search of info for optimal performance.
Formalism: development of abstract, context free models
This is a outcome orientated model that requires time to achieve the optimal solution for an event
What are the 4 elements of ADM?
PROCESSES which flight crews use to make decisions
Factors that contribute to decision DIFFICULTY & poor decisions
Factors that provide CREW RESILIANCE in the face of high risk challenges
STRATIGES for improving multi crew decision making
What types of decisions can we make? What is the main influence of this?
Initiative/recognition primed decisions (limited time & immediate actions required EFATO)
Rule bases (defined rule from SOP, QRH, AIP etc, anytime x situation requires y rule)
Analytical (multi option and must choose best option)
Creative (novel situation that requires own thinking)
Time and resources
What are the 2 major components of a decision?
Situation assessment: defining the problem, asses level of risk, determining amount of time available .
Risk assessment: to manage risk threats must be perceived and accurately assessed for the likelihood of threat & severity of consequences.
What are the options to do about a risk?
Mitigate, isolate, eliminate or accept
A course of actions to execute to review
Explain Ye old FDODAR
Fly (ensure safe flight path) Diagnose (what’s wrong? Collect info) Options (continue, divert, return) Decide Assign tasks Review (what happened, what are we doing, is it working)
DECIDE
Detect the fact the change occurred Estimate the need to react Choose a desirable outcome Identify actions to control change Do necessary actions to adapt Evaluate effectiveness of action
SADIE
Share info Analyse info Develop best solution Implement decision Evaluate outcome
What are some error inducing contexts?
Goes into detail in reading near the end if required
Poor/ambiguous info Operational pressures Personal stress/fatigue Cognitive limitations Lack of knowledge/experience Environmental threats/stressors Biases/heuristic Get home it is Time pressure Poor CRM Social expectations
Name errors in situational assessment & course of action
SA: cues misinterpreted/diagnosed or ignored. Risk levels/time pressure mis assessed. Consequences not anticipated.
CoA: any due to above or incorrect action due to false memory recollection
How to improve individual decision making?
Identify personal hazardous attitudes Develop risk assessment skills Learn to recognise/cope with stress Learn behaviour modification skills Setting personal limits/decision points Buy time if required Evaluate effectiveness of decision making skills
How to improve crew decision making skills?
Have goals and evaluations criteria
Build experience through scenarios
Give feedback and reviews
Positive crew climate set in briefings
Monitor and challenge threats
Metacognition training (practice to accurately recognise/auto response to event)
All decisions more effective in teams and in scenario situations
Experience and knowledge will ultimately improve ADM
What is naturalistic decision making? How does recognition primes decision making compare?
NDM is best applied to an aviation environment as it is a process orientation method that accepts human info processing limitations and not requiring an exhaustive search for info before reaching a solution, especially in time critical situations. It achieves a “good enough” solution to reach the operational goals (satisficing).
RPD is essentially a more refined NDM used for intuition in very time critical situations.
How does NDP compare to analytical decision making?
A: output orientated to achieve optimal solution as have more time.
N: process orientated to achieve good enough solution to reach operational goals in time limited situations. Requires high level of knowledge/experience to enhance decision making process (this determines basis of recognising situation requiring decision, type/degree of threat, determining relevant info and deciding on effective CoA) - teams can enhance this.
