Decision Making Flashcards

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1
Q

a decision is….

A

a judgement that considers (ethical implications)
- cognitive thoughts
- moral process
- social process

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2
Q

A theory in decision making

A

Incentive contribution theory
- your costs should be lower than the benfits you get (appreciation)

rejection: when the benefit you get is lower than the contribution

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3
Q

three ways of heuristic decision makings

A

a) availability heuristics (all the given information can be used)
b) representative heuristics: (Deputy decision making based on familiar things or facts, decision are often made as before)
c) escalation of committment ( rely on old decisions)

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4
Q

Three ways of organisational decisions

A

a) quasi - conflict resolution: negotiations + compromises (typical within democratic organisations)
b) avoiding uncertainity (focus on urgent problems)
c) problem-oriented search:
- only when a problem occurs we start to change things
- but this may not be the best way to develop the organisational goals
- orientation towards known and proven solutions

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5
Q

8 steps of the decision making process:

A
  1. identification of problem
  2. establish decision criteria
  3. weighting decision criteria
  4. development of alternatives
  5. analysis of alternatives
  6. choice of best alternative
  7. implementation of alternative
  8. Evaluation of effectiveness of the decision
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6
Q

three criteria to judge

A

(a) utility- does it optimize benefits?
(b) rights – does it respect the rights of those involved?
(c) Justice - is the action fair?

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7
Q

four levels of expectations in terms of ethical rights that can be expected of an organisation

A
  1. not directly harm people
  2. not engage in activities that are socially or environmentally unsustainable
  3. not lie or otherwise misrepresent the activities of the cooperation
  4. engage in activities that are socially desirable
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8
Q

Four ways how to mitigate conflict of interests:

A

(a) Removal
(b) Recusal (Selbstablehnung) (outstand, retirement)
(c) Third party evaluation
(d) Code of ethics

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9
Q

styles of decision makings

A

Autocratic = makes own decision
Autocratic II = needs information and then makes own decision
Consultative I = shares problem to individual members and takes their input into account
Consultative II = shares problem to all members and takes their input into account
Group II = shares problem with group and find a decision together (the most democratic one)

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10
Q

Advantages of group decisions

A
  • To plan, generate ideas, solve problems, make decisions, create regulations, to lead
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11
Q

Advantages of group decisions:

A
  • more ideas
  • more comprehensive solutions
  • more alternatives
  • higher acceptance of the decision made
  • greater legality
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12
Q

Disadvantages of group decisions:

A
  • time and resources consuming
  • harmony can be affected
  • distribution of the responsbility is too many
  • danger of conflicts
  • danger to be dominated by minority
  • pressure of opinion accommodation
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13
Q

Symptoms of group-thinking include:

A
  1. Illusion of invulnerability
  2. Collective rationalization
  3. Pressure for conformity
  4. Self-censorship
  5. Illusion of unanimity
  6. Stereotyping
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14
Q

Decision can be made:

A
  • Independently and with the information currently available
  • Independently but with information from others
  • Independently but with collection of suggestions and information of others
  • Be made by the group
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15
Q

Group thinking biases:

A

Brandwagon effect: The tendency of members of the group to beleive or agree to something because it seems that many others also sees it that way.

Bolstering: a group decision is made without carefully thinking it through

Procastination: the group dicplaces very important decisions (high priority) with tasks that have a lower prority to avoid the effort and stress to make the most difficult decision

Satisficing: people accept the first proposed soultion viewed as satisfactory rather than searching for the best possible solution.

undesirable compromises: groups often choose actions that are simply compromises (that often result in a lower quality)

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16
Q

How can you find a way to make reliable, transparent and just decision despite hetereougenoues, goals, ideas and values?

A
  1. explicit code of conduct
  2. fulfilling duty of care
  3. Avoiding legal liability
17
Q

Group Decision Process Strategies

A

Avoidance –> Lose-Lose Situation
Accomodation -> Lose-Win
Compromise –> no Lose -Win Scenario
Competition –> Win-Lose
Collaboration –> Win-Win (The Problem Solver)

18
Q

We tend to justify individual unethical behavior by false excuses

A
  1. Everyone does it
  2. I am being treated unfairly
  3. Emotionally tense moments
  4. The slippery slope
  5. Loyalty and commitment
  6. Fear of severe consequences

Even the best intentions can lead to conflicts on a group level and should be resolved in a
collaborative manner by listening, sharing ideas, understanding different perspectives, and a clear applicable code of conduct