Deception Flashcards
What is Deviancy?
In face to face interactions, people can lie, cheat, verbally abuse and steal, but the internet allows this more easily, quickly and cheaply (amplification effect).
However, the transformative effect of the internet includes new forms of deviance like hacking and trolling.
These now challenge our views of what is deviant and how deviance is enacted and punished.
Difference between Bullying and Cyberbullying
Bullying: repetitive, intentional hurting one person or another group.
Cyberbullying: use of mobile phones
Cyber bullying is invisible, where as offline bullying can not be anonymous.
Can reach a far greater audience
Cyber victims less likely to report bullying or seek help than traditional victim.
Tom Zanetti (2017) crashed Ferrari, Trolls saying I wish you died with it, caused him to speak out to social media saying this has crossed the line.
Selwyn (2008)
Self report study of 1222 UK undergrads
Underpinning 5 types of misbehaviour (porn, plagiarism and cheating).
Online perceived more conductive to misbehaviour
Pros Standardised Procedure
Cons Social desirability
Parkin (2013)
How evil should a video game allow you to be?
Online forum - asked if rape was acceptable within a game
One replied “I want to have the opportunity to kidnap woman, hostage her, put her in my basement and rape her everyday, listen to her crying, watching her tears.
Deviance online, this is obviously not something you can do in real life.
Online forum, anonymous? If so dissociative anonymity.
Pros Freedom of Speech
Provides Qualitative data
Cons Online forum, anonymous? If so dissociative anonymity.
Opens you up to hackers, spammers and predators.
Valid Measures?
Downing (2009) & Jackson et al (2009)
Belief that online community represents “just a game”
However, Jackson et al (2009) Children more accepting of immoral acts and beliefs in virtual worlds. Cyber culture is new… limited research out there.
Hodge & Taylor (2013)
Open ended questions about scenarios using video game screenshots.
Leave a party member behind to face death so you can all survive.
“Video games promote a different style to the real world”.
Consequences of choices was justified as the importance of winning, winning is everything.
This may differ to Milgram Study where in real life, an authoritative figure overruled the decision due to diffusion of responsibility.
Red Dead Redemption (2018) Real life example
Protection Motivation Theory Rogers 1963?
Measuring Moral Decisions (Hodge et al 2018)
Hurt injured person, pick up books and help them.
Not very generalisable to the population due to individual differences and people’s motives.
Realistic, however it is hard to gain insight why that choice was made. Being just a game they may not act this may in reality.
Briggs et al 2011
Target multiple victims at a time, believe the internet is less careful and their anonymity is safer.
Olson (2007)
Victims are ‘close to home’ so have to become covert
However, online predators are more deviant on risk taking levels due to being able to target someone in a different city. Anonymously
Perverted Justice (2012)
Captain Fleet Wolfe Anal Master Sexual Slave Clean Shaved Would a stranger say this face to face to a human?
Case Study provides greater insight into behaviours used. Spot trends.
Time consuming
BBC News Did Russian Propaganda sway US Votes?
126 million users came into contact with this propaganda before the US votes.
Distributed by bots
Kose et al (2017) Fakes news to support a ‘Chaos candidate’
Ingram et al (2009)
Social Learning Theory - Friends has significant effect on other students participating in music piracy
Elrow (2018) Fake 24hr Electronic Dance Festival
Fake 24hr Electronic Dance Festival (Spanish Fools Day) Marketing
Hinduja (2008)
Online Survey
Theory of diffused responsibility. Online Survey 1378
Gender/race unrelated
Time online/proficiency significant
Correlation with school problems/substance abuse.
Pros - Quick Easy & Effective
Cons - Certain population cannot be reached and no interviewing.
