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debates & perspectives paper 3 Flashcards

1
Q

individual explanations?

A

looks to factors within individuals to explain their behaviour

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2
Q

individual explanation: psych & the courtroom?

A

when a witness who is confident in their testimony is more likely to influence the jury

penrod & cutler

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3
Q

individual explanation: crime prevention?

A

zero tolerance policing’s reduction in crime could reflect an increase in the resident’s self restraint

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4
Q

individual explanation: historical context of mental illness?

A

mental health is most often considered an individual difference

suggesting an individual explanation for what we call mental illness

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5
Q

individual explanation: alternatives to the medical model?

A

cognitive explanation

more individual than the behaviourist

considers how people’s cognitive processes work differently, leading to cognitive distortions

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6
Q

individual explanation: impact of advertising on children?

A

social learning theory emphasises the importance of a child’s cognitive processes and expectations when it comes to determining how they will respond to an advert

only taking on what is seen as appropriate

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7
Q

individual explanation: pre-adult brain development?

A

brain structure and function has an obvious role

eg.an individual who is an adult has less activity in the ventral striatum so gambles differently to an adolescent

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8
Q

situational explanations?

A

looks to factors beyond the individual to explain behaviour

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9
Q

situational explanation: psych and the courtroom?

A

from jury’s point of view, their decision is based on characteristics of others who are part of the environment

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10
Q

situational explanation: crime prevention?

A

physical and social disorder, both of which are situational factors, make an area more vulnerable to crime

success of zero tolerance policing supports situational approach

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11
Q

situational explanation: historical context?

A

rosenhan points out how the situation of having a diagnosis led to otherwise normal behaviours being interpreted as symptoms

also gives situational explanation for depersonalisation and powerlessness felt by patients

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12
Q

situational explanation: alternatives to the medical model?

A

behaviourism’s conditioning (classical, operant, slt) support a situational explanation

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13
Q

situational explanation: impact of advertising on children?

A

social learning theory leads to a situational explanation as behaviour is modelled on what is experienced in the child’s environment

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14
Q

situational explanation: pre-adult brain development?

A

situational factors such as abuse/neglect as a child can lead to more risk taking as an adolescent as they have different levels of serotonin

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15
Q

areas of socially sensitive research?

A

harm

stigma

political consequence

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16
Q

social sensitivity: psych and the courtroom?

A

research often highlights points of prejudice and discrimination

dixon et al points out how black individuals with brummie accents are more likely to be seen as guilty

sigall and ostrove points out how attractive individuals receive lighter sentences

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17
Q

social sensitivity: crime prevention?

A

zero tolerance policing can disproportionately affect black individuals

stop and search measures most likely to affect young black men

(9x more likely to be stopped)

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18
Q

social sensitivity: historical context?

A

rosenhan’s study could possibly be used to harm the mentally ill by allowing their symptoms to be ignored

or be used to eradicate important measures for the mentally ill politically

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19
Q

social sensitivity: alternatives to the medical model?

A

therapies such as cbt allow the patient to regain control of their reality

however szasz’s work could be used to invalidate the mentally ill and cause them harm

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20
Q

social sensitivity: impact of advertising on children?

A

attacking two areas of sensitivity: gender differences and advertisers rights

research could be swarmed by the media and politicians for their own agendas

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21
Q

social sensitivity: pre-adult brain development?

A

research can be used politically to better understand how to prevent adolescents from harm via engaging in risk taking behaviour, such as graduated drivers licenses

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22
Q

positions of the ethical considerations debate?

A

being totally ethical

doing valid research

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23
Q

ethical considerations: psych and the courtroom?

A

content ps exposed to may be distressing for mock trials

however far less distressing than in a real trial

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24
Q

ethical considerations: crime prevention?

A

studies (wilson & kelling, zimbardo) take place in the field, no deceit

residents of palo alto, the bronx and newark weren’t manipulated or harmed

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25
ethical considerations: historical context?
rosenhan raises ethical issues associated with mental illness such as the poor treatment of patients, the unreliability of diagnosis and labelling but the research itself is also unethical in its deception and how it placed the pseudo-patients (expt 1) and the real patients (expt 2) at risk
26
ethical considerations: alternatives to the medical model?
watson and rayner is unethical in giving little albert a phobia cognitive approach could be seen to be blaming the patient for their illness
27
ethical considerations: impact of advertising on children?
research is respectful, responsible, competent and has integrity
28
ethical considerations: pre-adult brain development?
research has integrity and is respectful, competent and responsible little deceit, and ps all leave with more money than they came in with assent given by adolescents and consent from parents and adults
29
reductionism?
process of studying and breaking down complex behaviours to focus on the influence of single factors
30
holism?
considers the interacting factors, assuming that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
31
reductionism/holism: psych & the courtroom?
dixon et al looks at multiple aspects of an individual that could affect their perceived guilt (race, accent, crime type) creating a more holistic approach stewart and sigall and ostrove only looked at attractiveness, reductionist as only considering one feature penrod & cutler, only confidence
32
reductionism/holism: crime prevention?
newman disregarded other features such as economic well being focusing only on architecture when determining what increased crime attributing ztp with crime reduction in a complex urban environment could be seen as reductionist as it ignores other factors
33
reductionism/holism: historical context?
definitions of abnormality vary in their reductionism, with statistical infrequency at the extreme, and failure to function adequately being more holistic dsm-5 is fairly holistic as it requires a range of symptoms and also other factors of the individuals life to be considered before a diagnosis
34
reductionism/holism: alternatives to the medical model?
behaviourism is reductionist, reducing disorders to associations, rewards and imitation cognitivism considers distortions as well as early life experiences, making it more holistic
35
reductionism/holism: impact of advertising on children?
slightly holistic in how it considers childrens preconceived expectations on whether they will imitate a behaviour, but overall pretty reductionist
36
reductionism/holism: pre-adult brain development?
attempt to explain complexities of adolescents through brain structure and function is reductionist but also considers experiences such as abuse and neglect on synaptogenesis which adds a holistic element
37
nature?
suggests all behaviour is determined by hereditary factors
38
nurture?
suggests all behaviour is learned or acquired from interactions with the environment
39
nature/nurture: psych & the courtroom?
emphasis on nurture when it comes to how someone is presenting themselves however is manipulation of appearance isn't possible (nature?) then expert witness good idea
40
nature/nurture: crime prevention?
the reduction in crime when physical and social disorder is controlled suggests a nurture explanation that behaviour is a product of the environment
41
nature/nurture: historical context?
rosenhan highlights how a label can be all that's needed to find disordered behaviour in an individual definitions of abnormality differ in their nature/nurture bias
42
nature/nurture: alternatives to the medical model?
behaviourism supports nurture
43
nature/nature: impact of advertising on children?
children learn what are acceptable gender roles through advertising, supporting nurture however a nature approach could be adopted by attributing stereotypical gender roles biological causes
44
nature/nurture: pre-adult brain development?
brain function and structure such as synaptic pruning and the ventral striatum have key roles, nature but environmental influences such as abuse/neglect in childhood also have an obvious role
45
usefulness of research?
research should have practical benefits or add to our understanding/knowledge to develop theories for future research a lack of credibility or application to the real world indicates limited usefulness
46
usefulness of research: psych & the courtroom?
useful in making sure jurors don't make choices on factors that aren't relevant to the defendant or eyewitnesses credibility/guilt eg. presentation of defendants and expert witnesses
47
usefulness of research: crime prevention?
brings social benefit to neighbourhoods, improves quality of life in affected areas however issues in validity and reliability can cause problems in real life
48
usefulness of research: historical context?
as well as pointing out issues in the mental health system of 1970s america, rosenhan also provided solutions increases usefulness
49
usefulness of research: alternatives to the medical model?
behaviourism is useful for specific phobias, but not for other illnesses cognitivism is useful in that it gives the patient a chance to help themselves, but could be seen to imply that the patient is responsible and is reductionist in rejecting biological factors
50
usefulness of research: impact of advertising on children?
gives parents the chance to monitor the stereotypes their children are digesting and perhaps balance them better advertisers may also decide that perpetuating these stereotypes is less important than the extra profit gained from them
51
usefulness of research: pre-adult brain development?
the lack of ecological validity in gambling task compared to real life risk taking behaviours reduces usefulness however it has still led to further insight and precautions when it comes to adolescents risk taking behaviours
52
ethnocentrism: psych & the courtroom?
other cultures may not have the same kind of stereotypes from a regional accent alone the halo effect could also be argued to be a western problem, and if not the beauty standards are vastly different
53
ethnocentrism: crime prevention?
while ztp has proven to be successful in both america and england, it could be that this wouldn't universalise to collectivistic cultures
54
ethnocentrism: historical context?
rosenhan's study is ethnocentric, only studying mental hospitals in the US definitions of mental illness tend to be approached from a western perspective diagnostic systems also tend to be west focused, but may include disorders from other cultures (eg. koro)
55
ethnocentrism: alternatives to the medical model?
szasz's critique is based on the US view of mental illness, meaning that the relationship with it may be specific to the US for example, the politicization may only be relevant in the US climate of politics and healthcare q
56
ethnocentrism: impact of advertising on children?
USA is the pinnacle of capitalism, so same hyper consumer culture may not be generalisable gender stereotypes are also not universal, with even similar cultures differing slightly
57
ethnocentrism: pre-adult brain development?
seeing risk taking as a call for independence could be seen as very western in collectivistic cultures often the group is prioritised over the individual
58
sampling bias: psych & the courtroom?
use of students as mock jurors creates problems as they aren't experienced in the true courtroom setting and may be lacking the life experience to judge someone above superficial factors such as attractiveness
59
sampling bias: crime prevention?
zimbardo's use of two areas is beneficial, but findings may not be generalisable to cities that are less affluent than palo alto but better off than the bronx
60
sampling bias: historical context?
range of hospitals used in rosenhan good, but all in US other countries protocols surrounding the mental ill differ to those in the US there are also problems due to the difference between dsm-2 and dsm-5
61
sampling bias: alternatives to the medical model?
watson and rayner's discoveries may not be generalisable as little albert is only one person
62
sampling bias: impact of advertising on children?
only cartoons used which aren't the only programs children watch may also be watching adult programs which feature different stereotypes other mainstream channels not studied that were subscription only
63
sampling bias: pre-adult brain development?
volunteers may be more inclined to risk taking also putting an age bracket on adolescents is risky as it may not be so defianable

areas, debates and perspectives (3 decks)

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