Death rates

Question 1

What are the reasons for death rate declining?

Answer 1

Medical advancements - vaccines, antibiotics and better care for pregnancy so they survived childbirth, NHS,
Regulating food and drinkwater quality and enforcing laws to improve cleanliness, better awareness

Question 2

What McKeown say about nutrition?

Answer 2

Better nutrition was a major factor as people were more able to fight off infection

Question 3

What are the criticisms of McKeown

Answer 3

Some diseases like measles rose as nutrition improved

Question 4

What did Harper say?

Answer 4

Due reducing smoking however obesity has replaced it 2012 - 1/4 of UK were obsese
Moving to an “American health culture” where lifestyles are unhealthy but where a long lifespan is achieved by use of costly medicine

Question 5

What were the public health measures

Answer 5

Improvements in housing, more ventilation, less overcrowded, purer water, improved sewage disposal
Clean air acts reduced air pollution

Question 6

What are the social changes

Answer 6

The decline of dangerous manual occupations ie mining
Smaller families - less transmission
Greater knowledge
Higher incomes

Question 7

Describe life expectancy

Answer 7

Increased ie Males born in England in 2013 live until 90.7, 50 in 1900

Question 8

Whats the reason for increase in life expectancy

Answer 8

Lower IMR

Harper predicts that we will achieve radical longevity with more centenarians

Question 9

Describe class gender and regional differences

Answer 9

Women live longer than men
WC men with unskilled jobs are 3x likely to die before 35
Walker - poorest areas die on average 7 years earlier