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Christianity -MS > Death and Afterlife > Flashcards

Death and Afterlife Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key questions on the topic?

A
  • Are heaven, hell, and purgatory physical places, spiritual places or symbolic of a moral life on earth?
  • When will judgement take place?
  • Who will be saved?
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2
Q

What does Matthew 25:31-46 say?

A

Sheep and the goats

  • “All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats”
  • ” for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you gave me clothing, I was sick and you took care of me, I was in prison and you visited me.”
  • “just as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, you did it to me.”
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3
Q

What does Luke 16:19-31 say?

A

Rich man and Lazarus

  • Hell and heaven as physical
  • Judged by actions
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4
Q

What does John 14:1-3 say?

A

“My Father’s house has many rooms; if that were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you?”

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5
Q

What does Luke 23:39-43 say?

A

The thief on the cross

“Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise.”

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6
Q

What does Revelation 21:1-8 say?

A

“Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth”

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7
Q

Which scholars argue that the afterlife is a physical place?

A
  • Origen - heaven
  • Aquinas
  • Augustine
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8
Q

What did Origen say about heaven as a physical place?

A

He viewed heaven as a restoration of the earth to the pre-lapsarian state where the relationship between God and man is restored

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9
Q

What did Augustine say about the afterlife as a physical place?

A

He argued hell was a permanent and physical place where God punishes the wicked

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10
Q

What did Aquinas say about the afterlife as a physical place?

A

He stated that the purified soul and glorified body would be reunited in the afterlife before coming face to face with God in beatific vision

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11
Q

What are the issues with the afterlife as a physical place?

A
  • Where is this physical place?
  • In what sense am I still me? -continuity
  • What age would I be?
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12
Q

Which scholars argue that the afterlife is a spiritual place?

A
  • Origen - hell
  • Gregory of Nyssa
  • Catholic church
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13
Q

What did Gregory of Nyssa and Origen say about the hell as a spiritual place?

A

They argued hell was a state of anguish in which the conscience torments with regrets and realization of sin but this would pass away when the world was restored.

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14
Q

What did the catholic church say about the hell as a spiritual place?

A

Many Catholics understand hell as chosen exclusion from God

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15
Q

What are the issues / strengths of the afterlife as a spiritual place?

A

+ solves the problems of the afterlife as a physical place

- how is an immaterial soul me?

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16
Q

What does the afterlife being symbolic of life on earth actually mean?

A

In this view there is no life after death and the terms hell, heaven, and purgatory refer to states of morality and experiences during life.

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17
Q

What text supports the afterlife as a symbol on earth?

A

Matthew 25:31-46 - Jesus’ teaching of the kingdom of God as now by following his example and helping the marginalized.

18
Q

Which scholar argue that the afterlife is symbolic of a moral life on earth?

A

DZ Phillips

19
Q

What did DZ Phillips say about the afterlife as a symbol of life on earth?

A

He argues that an eternal life refers to a quality of life by living in obedience to God not life after death.

20
Q

What are the issues / strengths of the afterlife as symbolic of life on earth?

A

+ This solves the issues of continuity, identity and issues of place

  • Mathew 25, Revelation 20-21, and Jesus’ resurrection need to be reinterpreted as a myth
  • Paul argued if Jesus wasn’t resurrected then faith is in vain and there is no hope for people who died in faith
21
Q

What is the issue of purgatory?

A
  • There is no reference to it in Mathew 25 or in any NT texts
  • BUT the catholic church use the idea of praying to the dead, forgiveness of sin in the afterlife, and imagery of purification to support it
22
Q

How does John Hick criticize the idea of hell?

A

He says “the suffering of the damned in hell… can never lead to any constructive end.” The idea of infinite punishment for finite sin seems injust.

23
Q

What is general judgement?

A

Judgement at the end of time when all people will stand before God and be rewarded or punished

24
Q

What is particular judgement?

A

Immediate judgement of an individual at the time of death.

25
Q

What text supports general judgement?

A

Mathew 25:31-46

26
Q

When does the catholic church think judgment will take place?

A

There will be both a particular judgement and a final judgement at the end of the world then a new heaven and earth.

27
Q

What does 1Timothy 2:3-6 say?

A

“God is our savior wants all people to be saved

28
Q

What does Matthew 22:14 say?

A

“Many are called but few are chosen”

29
Q

What does John 3:16 say?

A

“Whoever believes in him should not be punish but have eternal life”

30
Q

What is the difference between single predestination and double predestination?

A

single - God decides only who’s saved

double - God decides who is saved and who is damned

31
Q

What is predestination?

A

that God elected only certain people to be saved

32
Q

What is limited election?

A

Only a few Christians will be saved; God has chosen those who will be saved

33
Q

What did Calvin and Augustine argue about limited election?

A
  • Augustine said that original sin has created such a hold on humanity that God’s grace is required for salvation.
  • Calvin argued that only God knew who would be saved, but favoured single predestination. Calvin’s followers developed his teaching into double predestination
34
Q

What are the strengths / issues of limited election?

A
  • If Christ’s sacrifice on the cross is only for a few not all people this would make Christ’s death ineffective.

+ Some counter this by arguing the non-elect are not chosen for damnation; they are just not chosen for election.

  • John A T Robinson suggests that, ‘In the universe of love there can be no heaven which tolerates a chamber of horrors.’
35
Q

What is unlimited election?

A

All people are called but only some are saved

36
Q

What did Aquinas say about limited election?

A

He agrees stating that God elects the righteous for heaven but the wicked select themselves for hell by rejecting God

37
Q

What did Barth say about limited election?

A

He agrees arguing that we cannot presume to know who’s saved because this is God’s choice but in Jesus God is both elected and elector. As The only one who is predestined to be condemned or punished is Jesus
humans cannot be condemned (as Jesus was instead) so all can be saved.

38
Q

What is an issue with limited election?

A

Why would anyone reject God’s love?

39
Q

What is universalism?

A

Everyone is saved

40
Q

What scholars argue for universalism?

A
  • Hick

- Robinson

41
Q

What does Hick say about universalism?

A

John Hick supports universalism due to his soul-making theodicy and his belief that the NT emphasises reconciliation with God.

42
Q

What are the strengths / issues with universalism?

A

+ This view fits with the omnibenevolence of God, God’s irresistible grace and the belief that Christ’s death and resurrection is effective for all.

  • Can we choose to reject God? If not, does this restrict free will? ‘Can God cause free beings to respond to him without thereby turning them into puppets?’ (Hick)

+ Robinson counters this by saying that “may we not imagine a love so strong that ultimately no one will be able to restrain himself from free and grateful surrender?”

  • Does this de-value that sacrifice of Christ – Jesus did not need to suffer on the cross if everyone was going to be saved anyway
  • Some Christians would be upset that this suggests pluralism

Christianity -MS (13 decks)

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