DEA CLASS - external Flashcards
How can labelling lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Students internalise the label they are given, and adjust their behaviour to fit the label.
E.g. ‘naughty’ = bad behaviour and deviance.
How can labelling affect ability groups?
Students often placed in different ability groups.
W/C are more likely to be placed in lower sets, bands or streams - seen as less able and more disruptive.
What study did Becker conduct?
Interviewed 60 high school teachers and found they judged students on how closely they fit the image of the ideal pupil - based on conduct, appearance and work.
W/C were further away from image of ideal student.
What did Rist discover?
Teachers used home background information to create seating plans.
‘Tigers,’ ‘Cardinals’ and ‘Clowns’ were the table groups.
Tigers- neat appearance, fast learners, seated closest to teacher.
Clowns and Cardinals seated further away, given low level books to read and fewer chances to show ability.
What did Dunne and Gazely find about secondary school underachievement?
Schools persistently produce W/C underachievement because of labelling and assumptions.
Teachers normalised W/C underachievement, felt they could do little or nothing to overcome it.
Believed could fix M/C underachievement.
Labelled W/C parents as lazy and uninterested - lead to differences in how teachers dealt with pupils.
Entering W/C kids for easier exams, setting extension work for M/C.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson do to prove self-fulfilling prophecy can occur?
Gave false info to teachers about IQ of pupils.
Told those who recorded a real low IQ had a high IQ, and vice versa.
Found pupils who’s teachers believed to have an IQ made greater progress than those believed to have a low IQ.
Those predicted to do well make good progress because teachers give more encouragement.
What is streaming?
Separating children into different ability groups or classes. Each stream taught separately from the others for ALL subjects.
What did Becker find about W/C pupils in streams?
Not seen as ideal pupils, seen as lacking ability and low expectations. More likely to be put in a lower set.
Difficult to move up once in a lower set.
Locked into teachers expectations of them, so S.F.P is occurring.
What did Douglas find about student IQ’S in low streams?
placed in low set at 8, decline in IQ by 11.
M/C pupils in higher sets develop positive self-concept and work harder, so IQ improves.
What did Ball find about banding systems in secondary schools?
Pupils placed in 1 of 3 bands based upon primary school reports.
W/C students more likely to be placed in lower bands, even when ability is same as M/C.
Behaviour deteriorated quickly - low teacher expectations, directed to practical subjects and low exams.
What did Keddie find about knowledge and streaming?
Lower streams = teachers simplified content to extent that learning was largely based on common-sense. Asking questions was seen as attempt to disrupt the class so were often ignored or dismissed.
Higher streams = taught abstract concepts, given greater opportunity to develop understanding.
What is educational triage - Gillbourne and Youdell?
Dividing students into 3 groups based on predicted academic outcomes.
1 = those who are likely to achieve regardless of level of support given. (U/C)
2 = students who aren’t expected to achieve academic success even with support. (W/C)
3 = students who may achieve some success with adequate success. (M/C)
What do schools use education triage for?
Means of allocating resources and support to students who fall into the third group, aim of boosting their academic performance.
What is the A-C economy?
Publishing of exam league tables leads to A-C economy.
Makes schools force their efforts into students seen to achieve A-C to boost league position.
What theory shows that kids can reject the label and achieve academic success?
Margaret Fuller’s study of black working class girls.
