DEA Flashcards
Material deprivation
Poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing
3 stages of student classification
(Theorist + explanation)
Hargreaves 1975
1. Speculation
2. Elaboration
3. Stabilisation
Ideal pupil (theorist + explanation)
Becker 1971
- students judged based on teachers idea of the ideal pupil - often MC children fig this idea best
Pygmalion in the classroom (theorist + and explanation)
Rosenthal and Jacobson
- 20% of students were randomly selected and labelled as sputters
- IQ test done at beginning and end of year and those 20% unproved the most
DEA: CLASS - INTERNAL
Banding at beach side comprehensive study
( theorist + explanation)
Ball
- bands students were put in often reflected social class
- this reinforced social class inequalities within society as WC children were placed in lower bands who received lower quality teaching and therefore performed worse than MC children in top bands
DEA: CLASS INTERNAL
Educational triage (explanation + theorist)
Gilbourn and Youdell:
- students are grouped based on likeliness to pass (reflective of class) : those seen as hopeless were given no help and disregarded and those who had some chance and were on the cusp were given the most help
What are the 2 processes Lacey identified as the reason subcultures emerge
- Differentiation > teachers categorising pupils according to ability and separating classes (streaming)
- Polarisation > pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of the two opposite extremes (pro / anti school subcultures)
How are pro school subcultures formed
Pupils (tends to often be m/c) placed in high streams tend to remain committed to the values of school + gain status through academic success
How are Anti school subcultures formed
Pupils placed in lower streams suffered loss of self esteem + pushed them towards a search for an alternative way of gaining status by inverting the schools values
STAT: in 2016 what % of pupils eligible for free school meals failed English and maths GCSE
50%
DEA CLASS EXTERNAL
Which sociologist identified 4 types of capital and what were they
Bourdeiu:
Cultural, educational, economic, social
DEA CLASS EXTERNAL
What does cultural capital refer too + how does it affect achievement pupils
- the knowledge, attitudes, values, taste and ability of the dominant (middle) class in society
- through socialisation middle class children already obtain the understanding / knowledge of ideas taught in school
DEA CLASS EXTERNAL
What does educational capital refer too + how does it affect achievement of lower class pupils
- middle class parents have a greater understanding of the education system
DEA: CLASS EXTERNAL
Which sociologist identified speech codes as a aspect of cultural deprivation + what are the 2 types
Bernstein
Restricted code, elaborated code
DEA: CLASS - EXTERNAL
What are restricted speech codes and how to they affect achievement (Bernstein)
Short grammatically simple often unfinished sentences with particularistic meanings so are tied to specific contexts > often used with w/c pupils who then find it more difficult to adapt to the formality of language used in classrooms
DEA: CLASS - EXTERNAL
What for Sugarman say abt the attitudes + values of the w/c
- See the world as an insecure place
- fatalism > there is nothing you can do to change your position in society
- immediate gratification > seek rewards now rather than thinking about future rewards
> working class pupils are likely to adopt these views
DEA: CLASS EXTERNAL
What does Douglas say about w/c parental attitudes
Less interested in their children’s education as they attend fewer parents evenings
DEA: CLASS - EXTERNAL
Who criticises cultural deprivation as an explanation of DEA
Keddie - victim blaming explanation
STAT: what % of ofsted “failing” schools are in deprived areas
90%
DEA: CLASS - EXTERNAL
Housing as an aspect of material deprivation affecting achievement
Waldfogel and Washbrook :
Overcrowding, insufficient working pace, living close to high achieving schools
DEA: CLASS EXTERNAL
Diet and health as an aspect of material deprivation
Howard:
Illness > more absences from school + difficulty concentrating
DEA: CLASS EXTERNAL
Financial support + cost of education as an aspect of material deprivation
Aviva family finances report (2013):
Hidden cost of sending a child to school per year = £1614
DEA: CLASS - EXTERNAL
Fear of debt as an aspect of material deprivation
Calendar and Jackson:
Wc students are 5x less likely to apply to university than mc students
DEA: ETHNICITY - EXTERNAL
Language as an aspect of ethnicity
Office of national statistics:
18% (primary) do not have English as their first language > use of non standard English may be unconsciously penalised > explain why ethic groups with a high proportion speaking English as 2nd language achieve lower > (AN) Chinese perform highest
DEA: ETHNICITY - EXTERNAL
Parental attitude as an aspect of ethnicity
Vincent et al:
- black m/c parents were particularly concerned + invested in children’s schooling > children work harder to meet prenatal standards + achieve higher
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
study by Gilbourn and Youdell
- 2x as many white students achieving A-C as black students > due to tiered exams (foundation/higher) > created educational triage where students are categorised based on how they are expected to achieve > disparities were due to racialised expectations
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
study by Wright
- Asian children excluded from class discussions due to assumption of poor language skills
- Asian girls disregarded by teachers + and would express open disapproval of culture
- black Caribbean students expected to be badly behaved + revived more severe punishments
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
Labelling - Mirza
- racist teachers labelled black girls discouraging them from being ambitious > selective + avoidant to teachers > restricted opportunities and school experience
Troyna and Williams definition of institutional racism
Discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as schools and colleges operate
What is an ethnocentric curriculum
Gives priority to the culture and viewpoint of one ethic group disregarding other ethnicities experiences ( focuses on white bristling culture )
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
What do troyna and Williams say about the ethnocentric curriculum
- meagre teaching of European languages in schools > however Chinese and Indian pupils are still highest performing > students from other ethic backgrounds are at a disadvantage
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
What does Ball say about the ethnocentric curriculum
- history ignores ethic experience > recreates a mythical age of empire and past glories, celebrating British colonialism while ignoring the history of African and Asian countries
What is meant by selection and segregation of schools
Schools getting to select pupils based on certain factors
DEA: ETHNICITY - INTERNAL
What does Gillborn say about the selection and segregation
- marketisation of education means schools are more selective, putting ethic minority pupils at a disadvantage > application forms only in English, racist bias in interviews > these pupils are forced to go to lower achieving schools
DEA: GENDER - external
impact of feminism on educational achievement (1x key thinker)
Wilkinson:
Feminist ideas were widely spread in the media in the 1990s, encouraging women to have careers
Increase in women’s rights due to changes in law > more economic + employment opportunities for women > girls have more to work towards in schools
DEA: GENDER
statistic for the gender gap in achievement
In 16-19 education, female students achieved around a grade and a half more highly than male students in 2023
DEA: GENDER - EXTERNAL
Explain how changes in the family lead to educational achievement for girls
Increase in lone parent families, dual career families > increase in working mums > positive role models for daughters
DEA: GENDER - EXTERNAL
Explain how girls changing ambitions lead to educational achievement for girls (3x key thinkers)
Beck- westernised society became increasingly individualised and female aspirations became more self interested and having less reliance on men
Sue Sharp - girls no longer prioritise traditional pathways such as marriage and motherhood > prioritise education + careers
Francis Skelton - majority of school girls see a career as the most important influence in their future
DEA: GENDER - EXTERNAL
Explain how differential gender socialisation leads to differences in educational achievement
(+ key theorist)
Edward’s and David:
Primary socialisation encourages boys to be boisterous + attention seeking leading them to be loud + lack concentration in classrooms
DEA: GENDER - EXTERNAL
Explain how the decline in traditional male jobs leads to differences in educational achievement
(+ key theorist)
Mac an Ghail :
Globalisation has led to a crisis of masculinity in working class boys as they are unlikely to occupy traditional breadwinner roles due to a decline in industrial jobs > w/c boys in particular have a negative view of education, seeing qualifications as irrelevant
DEA: GENDER - INTERNAL
Explain how changes in how pupils are assessed leads to differences in educational achievement
(2x key theorists )
Gorard found that the gender gap increased sharply in the year 1989 when GCSE exams were introduced bringing coursework as a major part of subjects And states that the gender gap is a “product of the changed system of assessment”
Mitsos and Browne support this view stating girls are more successful at coursework because side they are more organised and better at meeting deadlines
DEA: GENDER - INTERNAL
Explain how positive role models in schools lead to differences in educational achievement
(+ key theorist)
Increase in the number of female teachers and headteachers > act as role models for girls showing them women can achieve positions of importance and giving them a non traditional role to aim for
What does functionalist Durkheim believe is the role of education
Creates social solidarity + value consensus (through teaching of shared norms, values + culture of society) > eg teaching of a countries history instilled a shared heritage + culture
Evaluation of Durkheim’s theory of the role of education ( social solidarity)
Conflict theories > doesn’t instil shared values of society only transmit ruling class / gender ideology
View students as passive puppets who lack the free will to reject what they are taught
What does functionalist Parsons believe is the role of education
School is a focal socialising agency which bridges the gap between the family and wider society teaching universalistic standards of a meritocratic society (rather than the particularistic values taught within the family) > preparing children for wider society where everyone is judged on the same Universal impersonal standards (eg the law is applied equally to everyone)
Evaluation ofParsons theory of the role of education ( univeralistic standards)
Based on meritocracy > Marxists believe meritocracy is a myth as those with ascribed status in society have the power to deviate from social standards and avoid punishment
What do functionalists David and Moore believe is the role of education
Inequality in education (setting, streaming) is necessary for role allocation as
