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Sociology > Culture And Identity > Flashcards

Culture And Identity Flashcards

1
Q

Socialisation definition

A

Transition of norms values and culture of a society by agents of socialisation

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2
Q

Culture definition

A

Learned shared way of living of members of a society including norms and values

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3
Q

Dominant culture definition

A

The main culture in a society which is accepted without opposition by the majority of people

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4
Q

Subcultures definition

A

Smaller groups emerging within larger society which share their own beliefs and way of life

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5
Q

Folk culture definition

A

Culture created my local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of people

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6
Q

High culture definition

A

Culture practised by those with ascribed status within a system of social closure seen as superior to others

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7
Q

Popular / mass / low culture definition

A

Commercially produced culture consumed by the majority of society + enjoyed by the masses, increasingly borrowing from subcultures

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8
Q

Global culture definition

A

Suggested by Ritzer:
Cultures in different countries of the world becoming increasingly alike due to globalisation leading to one world culture (occurance due to cultural homogeneity)

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9
Q

Cultural homogenisation definition

A

A reduction in cultural diversity through the popularisation and diffusion of the same cultural symbols globally

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10
Q

Glocalisatin definition

A

The combining of global and local products the create cultural hybrids

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11
Q

Cultural Defense Definition

A

When religion is used as a way of defending a culture under threat

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12
Q

Globalisation definition

A

The growing interconnection of societies across the world through the spread of culture, consumer goods and economic interest

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13
Q

What do functionalist believe is the function of socialisation

A

Structural theory:
Process by which we learn norms and values of society and therefore we reach a value consensus > promotes social solidarity and stability

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14
Q

What does functionalist PARSONS believe about socialisation

A
  • family plays key role as agent of primary socialisation to teach the next generation the norms and values of society ( nuclear family is best to perform gender socialisation)
  • fist particularistic view are taught ( those of the family) then then secondary socialisation teaches universal values, reinforcing a value consensus
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15
Q

Value consensus definition

A

a common set of beliefs and principles of a society to work with and towards

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16
Q

What does functionalist DURKHEIM believe about socialisation

A
  • When socialisation has been ineffective and there is a lack of value consensus, society reaches a state of ANOMIE ( instability in society due to a breakdown of norms + values)
17
Q

What does functionalist MERTON believe about socialisation

A

Developed idea of anticipatory socialisation: an individual adopts the norms and values of a group or situation prior to them becoming part of the group

18
Q

Positive evaluation for the functionalist view of socialisation

A
  • feral children: provides evidence for the negative consequences of when socialisation doesn’t occur successfully
19
Q

Negative evaluation for the functionalist view of socialisation

A
  • Marxists + feminist disagree that socialisation is positive for all of society
  • deterministic theory > internationalists believe individuals have free will and can develop their own values
  • just because an individual doesn’t conform to the value consensus it doesn’t mean they are unsocialised
20
Q

What do Marxists believe is the function of socialisation + agents of socialisation

A
  • helps maintain conformity to an unequal society
  • agents of socialisation = “ideological superstores” > transmits ruling class ideology + justifies inequality, maintaining the false class consciousness which prevents revolutionary activity > social cohesion
21
Q

Hegemony meaning

A

Ruling class (bourgeoise) dominance

22
Q

What doesMarxist GRAMSCI believe about socialisation (hegemony)

A
  • Gramsci introduced the concept of hegemony, where the ruling class establishes “common sense” values that are widely accepted by society > the ruling class convince people their system is common sense so that they don’t have to deploy their RSA
23
Q

What does Marxist ALTHUSER believe about socialisation (adding to gramcsci’s theory)

A
  • RSA and ISA are agents of socialisation that transit bourgeois ideology
24
Q

What is the RSA (Marxist)

A

Repressive state apparatus
(Army)

25
Q

What is the ISA (Marxist)

A

Ideological sate apparatus
- institutions (family, education, media) that spread ruling class ideology, maintaining the false class consciousness of the proletariat

26
Q

Negative evaluation for Marxist view of socialisation

A
  • functionalist: ignore positive functions of primary and secondary socialisation
  • internationalists: people are not passive robots + have free will
27
Q

What do feminists believe is the function of socialisation

A
  • people are socialised to believe that that the patriarchy is normal + men should occupy society while women occupy lesser, subjugated roles in society
  • women are socialised to accept patriarchy
  • radical feminists: women are brainwashed into believing they want to perform traditional domestic roles
28
Q

What does feminist ANN OAKLEY believe about primary socialisation

A

There are 4 main ways primary socialisation perpetuates gender roles:
1.manipulation (parents encourage/ discourage behaviour / interests that are “normal” for their gender(bedroom culture))
2. different activities
3. Verbal appellation (the way parents talk to/ about their children
4. Canalisation ( gendered toys)

29
Q

Why is having a global culture a positive thing

A
  • created interconnectedness
  • cultural diversity can be celebrated
  • multiculturalism in societies
30
Q

Why is having a global culture a negative thing

A
  • cultural homogeneity means there is a decrease in cultural diversity
  • takes over local businesses (mcdonaldification)
31
Q

What kind of approach is interactionism / social action theory

A

Micro approach > people have free will to shape their socialisation

32
Q

What do internationalists believe about socialisation

A
  • interaction where outcomes are determined by the ‘social actors involved’
  • norms + values are more like guidelines that help us understand the world but there is flexibility in how we respond
33
Q

What does interactionalist MEAD’s “self concept” tell us about socialisation

A
  • we play an active part in socialisation by interpretations symbols in society by taking the role of the other
  • we develop the ability to interpret these meanings through social interactions and shared symbols
34
Q

What are the 3 stages of the self according to interactionist MEAD

A
  1. Predatory stage - imitating people around them
  2. Play stage - become more aware of social relationships and start ‘role talking’
  3. Game stage - several tasks / relationships simultaneously
35
Q

What for interactionalist COOLEY’s “looking glass self” tell us about socialisation

A

People base how they see themselves based on how others see them

36
Q

What for interactionalist GOFFMAN’s “dramaturgical approach” tell us about socialisation

A

The world is a stage and everyday life is about playing parts on stage therefore socialisation is about learning your role ( learning norms and values)

37
Q

Positive evaluation for interactionalist view on socialisation

A

Symbolic interactionalist overcomes the determinism of structural theories as it recognises people have free will

38
Q

Negative evaluation for interactionalist view on socialisation

A
  • reductionist > ignores structural inequalities in society
  • not a action is deliberately performed

Sociology (3 decks)

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