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Culture And Identity Flashcards

1
Q

Socialisation definition

A

Transition of norms values and culture of a society by agents of socialisation

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2
Q

Culture definition

A

Learned shared way of living of members of a society including norms and values

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3
Q

Dominant culture definition

A

The main culture in a society which is accepted without opposition by the majority of people

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4
Q

Subcultures definition

A

Smaller groups emerging within larger society which share their own beliefs and way of life

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5
Q

Folk culture definition

A

Culture created my local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of people

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6
Q

High culture definition

A

Culture practised by those with ascribed status within a system of social closure seen as superior to others

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7
Q

Popular / mass / low culture definition

A

Commercially produced culture consumed by the majority of society + enjoyed by the masses, increasingly borrowing from subcultures
Popular = impermanent due to its reliance on trends

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8
Q

Global culture definition

A

Suggested by Ritzer:
Cultures in different countries of the world becoming increasingly alike due to globalisation leading to one world culture (occurance due to cultural homogeneity)

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9
Q

Cultural homogenisation definition

A

A reduction in cultural diversity through the popularisation and diffusion of the same cultural symbols globally

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10
Q

Glocalisatin definition

A

The combining of global and local products the create cultural hybrids

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11
Q

Cultural Defense Definition

A

When religion is used as a way of defending a culture under threat

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12
Q

Globalisation definition

A

The growing interconnection of societies across the world through the spread of culture, consumer goods and economic interest

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13
Q

What do functionalist believe is the function of socialisation

A

Structural theory:
Process by which we learn norms and values of society and therefore we reach a value consensus > promotes social solidarity and stability

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14
Q

What does functionalist PARSONS believe about socialisation

A
  • family plays key role as agent of primary socialisation to teach the next generation the norms and values of society ( nuclear family is best to perform gender socialisation)
  • fist particularistic view are taught ( those of the family) then then secondary socialisation teaches universal values, reinforcing a value consensus
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15
Q

Value consensus definition

A

a common set of beliefs and principles of a society to work with and towards

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16
Q

What does functionalist DURKHEIM believe about socialisation

A
  • When socialisation has been ineffective and there is a lack of value consensus, society reaches a state of ANOMIE ( instability in society due to a breakdown of norms + values)
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17
Q

What does functionalist MERTON believe about socialisation

A

Developed idea of anticipatory socialisation: an individual adopts the norms and values of a group or situation prior to them becoming part of the group

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18
Q

What do Marxists believe is the function of socialisation + agents of socialisation

A
  • helps maintain conformity to an unequal society
  • agents of socialisation = “ideological superstores” > transmits ruling class ideology + justifies inequality, maintaining the false class consciousness which prevents revolutionary activity > social cohesion
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19
Q

Hegemony meaning

A

Ruling class (bourgeoise) dominance

20
Q

What doesMarxist GRAMSCI believe about socialisation (hegemony)

A
  • Gramsci introduced the concept of hegemony, where the ruling class establishes “common sense” values that are widely accepted by society > the ruling class convince people their system is common sense so that they don’t have to deploy their RSA
21
Q

What does Marxist ALTHUSER believe about socialisation (adding to gramcsci’s theory)

A
  • RSA and ISA are agents of socialisation that transit bourgeois ideology
22
Q

What is the RSA (Marxist)

A

Repressive state apparatus
(Army)

23
Q

What is the ISA (Marxist)

A

Ideological sate apparatus
- institutions (family, education, media) that spread ruling class ideology, maintaining the false class consciousness of the proletariat

24
Q

What do feminists believe is the function of socialisation

A
  • people are socialised to believe that that the patriarchy is normal + men should occupy society while women occupy lesser, subjugated roles in society
  • women are socialised to accept patriarchy
  • radical feminists: women are brainwashed into believing they want to perform traditional domestic roles
25
What does feminist ANN OAKLEY believe about primary socialisation
There are 4 main ways primary socialisation perpetuates gender roles: 1.manipulation (parents encourage/ discourage behaviour / interests that are “normal” for their gender(bedroom culture)) 2. different activities 3. Verbal appellation (the way parents talk to/ about their children 4. Canalisation ( gendered toys)
26
Why is having a global culture a positive thing
- created interconnectedness - cultural diversity can be celebrated - multiculturalism in societies
27
Why is having a global culture a negative thing
- cultural homogeneity means there is a decrease in cultural diversity - takes over local businesses (mcdonaldification) - idealisation of western culture
28
What do internationalists believe about socialisation
- interaction where outcomes are determined by the ‘social actors involved’ - norms + values are more like guidelines that help us understand the world but there is flexibility in how we respond
29
What does interactionalist MEAD’s “self concept” tell us about socialisation
- we play an active part in socialisation by interpretations symbols in society by taking the role of the other - we develop the ability to interpret these meanings through social interactions and shared symbols
30
What are the 3 stages of the self according to interactionist MEAD
1. Predatory stage - imitating people around them 2. Play stage - become more aware of social relationships and start ‘role talking’ 3. Game stage - several tasks / relationships simultaneously
31
What for interactionalist COOLEY’s “looking glass self” tell us about socialisation
People base how they see themselves based on how others see them
32
What does interactionalist GOFFMAN’s “dramaturgical approach” tell us about socialisation
The world is a stage and everyday life is about playing parts on stage therefore socialisation is about learning your role ( learning norms and values)
33
What does the structuration theory of ‘the reflexive self’ tell us about socialisation (+ key thinker)
Giddens: An individuals identity is formed and developed through a process of reflecting on their own identity as they interact with others (agents of socialisation) and ones perception of their responses
34
What does the postmodernist theory of ‘ hybrid/ pick n mix identities’ suggest about socialisation (+ key thinker)
Lyotard: - people have the free will to resist socialisation and choose which culture / identity the want to adopt - this because in a modern society there is not a single institution which has monopoly on the values society is taught
35
What is functionalist Durkheim’s view on the role of culture and how it is transmitted
- social glue which helps create social solidarity + value consensus - prevents the occurrence of anomie - taught through socialisation
36
How would postmodernist, Marxist and feminists criticise functionalist the view of culture
Pomo: deterministic > oversees the influence institutions play in society & little recognition that people have power in shaping culture, societies no longer have one dominant culture Marx: serves the interest of the ruling class to maintain social order Fem: culture based in patriarchal interests which benefit men
37
Explain the traditional Marxist view on culture
- serves the interest of the ruling class - mass culture used as a distraction for the working class - social institutions (ideological superstructures) transmit ruling class ideology which produces a false class consciousness within the w/c > don’t know they are being exploited
38
What is the neo Marxist GRAMSCI view of culture
- dual class consciousness > know they are being exploited but capitalist ideology makes them believe their exploitation it is inevitable and there is nothing they can do about it
39
What is the neo Marxist STUART HALLs view of culture
- capitalist culture = hegemonic (dominant, undisputed) culture - counter hegemony = cultural oppositions to the dominant cultures in society > counter cultures play an important role in society to challenge the dominant culture of the ruling class
40
What is the Marxist Frankfurt school view on culture (Adorno & Marcuse)
Adorno: mass indoctrination of the population into following fascist ideas lee to a mass culture spread through the media and how children were raised Marcuse: mass communication and advertising led to a dumbing down of the population creating people who only cared for material goods
41
What does radical feminist DWORKIN suggest about culture
- used to maintain patriarchy by benefiting men and controlling women - pornification of society > representation of women in popular culture normalises the objectification and violence against women
42
What does Marxist feminist ANSLEY suggest about culture
- culture reflects capitalist interests and the patriarchy by exploiting women eg. Dual burden, triple shift > culture normalised women absorbing the stress of capitalist society
43
What does liberal feminist OAKLEY suggest about culture
- Cultural norms abt hegemonic masculinity + femininity restrict the opportunities of women - gender expectations reinforced through mass / popular culture
44
What does postcolonial feminists HOOKS, CRENSHAW suggest about culture
Criticise mainstream feminists for ignoring intersectionality White feminists ignore the the lived cultural experiences of women of colour
45
Who dictates culture according to interactionalists
- individuals create and influence culture through interactions rather than it being imposed by institutions - individuals have agency to dictate their culture
46
Explain internationalist GOFFMANs view of culture
Dramaturgical approach: - norms and values are devolved through interactions between individuals, establishing unwritten rules

Sociology 👭 (14 decks)

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