DDx Flashcards
Maculopapular rash
Viral: measles, rubella, roseola, parvovirus B19
Bacterial: staph aureus, typhoid
Others: Kawasaki, JIA
Vesicular rash
Viral: VZV, HSV, HFMD
Bacterial: impetigo
Others: SJS
Purpuric rash
Viral: rubella
Bacterial: meningococcus, IE
Others: HSP, thrombocytopenia, malaria
Prolonged fever
Inf: localized (osteomyelitis), difficult to treat (TB)
Inflammation: KD, IBD, JIA, SLE
Mal
Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis
Acute cough
Inf: URT (URTI, croup), LRT (bronchiolitis, pneumonia)
Asthma exacerbation
Chem: FB aspiration, GERD
Chronic cough
Inf: URT (post viral cough), LRT (TB, bronchiectasis, pertussis) Allergy: asthma, allergic rhinitis Chem: GERD Drug: ACEI Structural: tracheomalacia, TEF
Stridor
Inf: croup, epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis
FB, angioedema, aspiration
Subglottic spasm
Wheeze
Inf: bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
Asthma, aspiration
Seizure
Febrile seizure
Epileptic seizure: idiopathic, epilepsy syndromes, neurocutaneous syndromes, provoked
Paroxysmal episodes: breath-holding spells
Early onset NNJ
Hemat: hemolysis (ABO, Rh, G6PD), polycythemia, concealed hemorrhage
Congenital inf, sepsis
Intermediate onset NNJ
Physiological
Breast feeding
Cephalohematoma
Prolonged NNJ
Unconjugated: breast milk, congenital hypothyroidism, IO, hemolysis (G6PD, HS), inf (UTI)
Conjugated: biliary obstruction, neonatal hepatitis, inspissated bile
Puffy eyes / edema
High hydrostatic pressure: HF, RF, GN, liver cirrhosis
Low oncotic pressure: LF, protein-losing enteropathy, nephrotic
High vascular permeability: sepsis, drug
Frothy urine
Physiological
Glomerular: primary (MCD, FSGS), secondary (AI, inf)
Tubular: drug, ATN
Overflow: MM, rhabdomyolysis, amyloidosis
Hematuria
Factitious
Glomerular: immune (nephritic), congenital (Alport)
Non-glomerular: urinary tract (inf, tumour, infarct), bleeding tendency
HT
Primary (essential) Renal: GN, Wilm’s tumour, CKD Endocrine: Cushing, hyperthyroid, hyperaldosterone, pheochromocytoma Vascular: CoA, RVT, RAS Respi: OSA
Vomiting in neonates
GI: UGI (esophageal atresia, pyloric stenosis, GERD, TEF), LGI (intestinal atresia, malrotation w/ volvulus)
Inf: sepsis
Increased ICP
Metabolic: IEM, CAH
Vomiting in children
GI: appendicitis, intussusception Inf: AOM, UTI, GE Increased ICP Metabolic: DKA Testicular torsion, pregnancy
Acute diarrhea
Inf: GI, non-GI (AOM, CNS, UTI)
Non-inf: Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis, IBD w/ toxic megacolon, endocrine (CAH, hyperthyroid)
Chronic diarrhea
Osmotic: malabs, cow’s milk pr intolerance
Secretory: cholera, VIPoma
Dysmotility: IBS, hyperthyroid
Steatorrhea: pancreatic insufficiency, celiac
IBD, mal
Bloody diarrhea in neonate
NEC, malrotation w/ volvulus
Trauma
Bloody diarrhea in children
Inf: GI, non-GI (AOM, CNS, UTI)
Structural: diverculitis, intussusception, anal fistula, hemorrhoid
Inflammatory: IBD, juvenile polyp
Trauma
Acute abdominal pain
GI: inf (GE, appendicitis), obst (intussusception), trauma
Non-GI inf: UTI, cholecystitis, LL pneumonia
GU: stone, torsion, ectopic, PID, endometriosis
Systemic: DKA, HSP
Recurrent abdominal pain
GI: func (IBS), anatomical (IBD, PUD)
HBP: gallstone
GU: PID, UTI, dysmenorrhea
Psychosocial
LOW
Mal AI: SLE, RA Endocrine: DM, hyperthyroid Chronic inf: TB Chronic disease: CHD, CKD Psychi: depression, eating disorder
FTT
Poor intake: impaired sucking, environmental, anorexia
Poor retention: GERD, vomiting
Poor absorption: IBD, lactose intolerance
Poor utilization: hypothyroid
Increased req: chronic disease & inf
Obesity
Genetic: Prader-Willi, Beckwith-Wiedemann
Environmental
Endocrine: hypothyroid, Cushing
Single joint pain
Inf: septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, reactive arthrtis Mal: leukemia, bone tumour Trauma Hemat: hemophilia Orthopedic: SCFE, Perthe’s Inflammatory: JIA, SLE, HSP, SpA
Multiple joint pain
Inf: rheumatic fever Inflammatory: SLE, JIA, HSP, SpA Hemat Mal Trauma
Bruising
Thrombocytopenia: ITP, HUS/TTP, DIC, leukemia
Coagulopathy: vWD, hemophilia
Disrupted vessel integrity: trauma, HSP, meningococcus
Speech delay
Expressive: cleft lip/palate Receptive: HL Environmental GDD, CP Psychi: autism, selective mutism Genetic: Down, Fragile X
Syncope
Vasovagal Seizure Hyperventilation Arrhythmia: cardiac, others (thyrotoxicosis, drugs, anxiety, anemia, caffeine) Hypogly
Short stature
Physiological: constitutional delay, genetic short stature
Pathological
- Proportionate: syndromic (Turner), chronic disease
- Disproportionate: rickets, skeletal dysplasia
Motor delay
CP
Neuro-motor disorders: SMA, DMD, congenital myopathy
Acquired e.g. spinal cord injury, tumour
HL
Sensorineural
- Genetic: single gene, syndromic (Alport, Down)
- Env: prenatal (inf, drug), perinatal (birth asphyxia, NNJ, meningitis), postnatal (meningitis, OM, neoplasm)
Conductive: earwax, impaired movement of tympanic membrane (AOM, OME, perforation)
Low exercise tolerance
CV: CHD, arrhythmia
Respi: asthma, bronchiectasis, CF
Neuro: SMA, DMD
