DD Low tissue injury Flashcards
What is the cause of disease (in an otherwise healthy individual)?
Injury to cells/tissue
T or F: Epithelium only arises from the ectoderm.
False. It arises from all three of the germ layers.
Most human disease results from injury to what type of tissue?
Epithelium
T or F: Injury to one tissue usually has no effect on adjacent tissue.
FALSE
Define hypertrophy.
Increase in cell size
Define atrophy.
Decrease in cell size
What causes cell atrophy?
Ischemia, loss of endocrine factors, decrease in workload, aging, chronic illness
What is coagulative necrosis?
A dead cell remains a ghost-like remnant of its former self
What is pyknosis?
A dark staining and shrunken nucleus
What is karyorrhexis?
Fragmentation of a pyknotic nucleus
What is karyolysis?
Extensive hydrolysis of pyknotic nucleus with loss of staining
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Autolysis of cells caused by release of lysosomal hydrolyses
What is caseous necrosis?
Seen in TB, tissue looks white-grey, soft, friable
What is fat necrosis?
Leakage of lipase’s from dead cells attack triglycerides in surrounding fat and generate FFA and calcium soaps, chalky white appearance
Which cells die the fastest after ischemic injury?
Neurons, 3-5 min
T or F: The following are irreversible changes in a cell - 1.) Dec ATP 2.) Dec Na pump/cell swelling 3.) Inc glycolysis 4.) Dec protein synth
False. They are reversible changes.
T or F: The following are irreversible changes in a cell - 1.) Activation of lysosomal enzymes 2.) Degradation of DNA 3.) Influx of Ca2+
TRUE
T or F: Oxygen is harmless.
False. Oxygen can generate free radicals, which can be toxic to cells
What is Xanthine oxidase?
It is produced from proteolysis during hypoxia, generates free radicals when O2 levels brought back to normal. This is why tourniquet is the last option.
List common signs of exertional heat stroke.
Hot, dry skin, lactic acidosis, ATN (acute tubular necrosis), DIC (disseminated intervascular coagulation), organ failure
List common signs of classic heat stroke.
Hot, dry skin, respiratory alkalosis, hypotension, coma (NO DIC or ATN)
