DCIT 24 (2nd Quiz) Flashcards
it is a set of related components that work together to accomplish defined objectives
system
it interacts with its environment and performs functions to accomplish objectives
system
it is like a physical system
information system
it manipulates data rather than a physical object
information system
it accepts data from its environment, process data and produces information for decision making
information system
it provides long-term memory for information systems
database
it also contains people, procedures, input data, output data, software, and hardware
information system
it is the traditional life cycle
the waterfall model
it contains sequential flow in which the result of each phase flows to the next phase
waterfall model
they produce a problem statement and feasibility study
preliminary investigation phase
they produce requirements describing processes, data, and environment interactions.
systems analysis phase
they use diagramming techniques to document processes, data, and environment interactions
systems analysis phase
they produce a plan to implement the requirements efficiently
systems design phase
they produce design specifications for processes, data, and environment interaction
analysts
they produce executable code, databases, and user documentation
systems implementation phase
they produce corrections, changes, and enhancements to an operating information system
maintenance phase
it commences when an information system becomes operational
maintenance phase
it is fundamentally different from other phases because it comprises activities from all the other phases
maintenance phase
it ends after deploying a replacement system and retiring the current system
maintenance phase
they perform life cycle phases for subsets of a system
spiral development methodologies
they progressively produce a larger system until the complete system emerges
spiral development methodologies
they delay producing design documents until requirements are clear
rapid application development methodologies
it is the scaled-down versions of a system
prototypes
it can be implemented rapidly using graphical development tools for generating menus, forms, reports, and other code
prototypes
it can reduce the risk of developing an information system because it allows earlier and more direct feedback about the system
prototyping
they are another variation to traditional information systems development
agile development methodologies
they promote active user involvement and team empowerment, viewing software development as an empirical process
agile development methodologies
it involves iteration through small incremental releases with testing integrated throughout the project lifecycle
agile development
it is a prominent agile development approach
extreme programming
it is a subset of agile
scrum
it provides a set of concepts and practices for reducing software development overhead and maximizing productive work
scrum
it describes the entity types and relationships
data model
it describes relationships among processes
process model
it can provide input data used by other processes and use the output data of other processes
process
it describes relationships between events and processes
environment interaction model
it produces an initial version of these models
systems analysis phase
it adds more details for the efficient implementation of the models
systems design phase
it usually produces the process and environment interaction models after the data model
development processes
it produces an operational database for an information system
database development process
what are the three schemas?
external, conceptual, and internal
these two phases are concerned with the information content of the database
conceptual data modeling and logical database design
these two phases are concerned with efficient implementation
distributed database design and physical database design
it uses data requirements and produces entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) for the conceptual schema and each external schema
conceptual data modeling
it should represent all the requirements and formats
conceptual schema
it represents the requirements of a particular usage of the database such as a form or report, rather than all requirements
external schema
they are generally much smaller than the conceptual schema
external schema
it is a graphical representation that depicts things of interest (entities) and relationships among entities
entity relationship model
it provides a unique identification for the entity type
primary key
it transforms the conceptual data model into a format understandable by a commercial DBMS
logical database design
it is concerned with refining the conceptual data model
logical design phase
the logical database design phase consists of two refinement activities, what are they?
conversion and normalization
it transforms ERDs into table designs using conversion rules
conversion activity
it removes redundancies in a table design using constraints or dependencies among columns
normalization activity
it marks a departure from the first two phases
distributed database design
it improves the availability of the database but makes updating more difficult because multiple copies must be kept consistent
replication
it is concerned with an efficient implementation
physical database design
it involves performance at one computer location only
physical database design
it is an auxiliary file that can improve performance
index
it can improve performance on retrievals but reduce performance on updates
index
a designer makes decisions about clustering to locate data close together on a disk
data placement
it is a time consuming and labor-intensive process often involving a team of designers
designing large databases
it merges the views into a complete and consistent conceptual schema
view integration process
it involves recognizing and resolving conflicts
integration
it is an important part of conflict resolution in the view integration process
compromise
it is performed to produce data, process, and interaction models that are consistent and complete
cross-checking
it produces ERDs, table designs, and so on as described in this section
database development process
it produces process models, interaction models, and prototypes
applications development process
it is a project management model used to outline, design, develop, test, and deploy an information system or software product
system development life cycle or SDLC
it defines the necessary steps needed to take a project from the idea or concept stage to the actual deployment and further maintenance
system development life cycle or SDLC
it represents a multitude of complex models used in software development
SDLC
it is a general methodology that covers different step-by-step processes needed to create a high-quality software product
SDLC
how many stages do systems development life cycle has?
seven
it is one of the core phases of SDLC
planning
it acts as the foundation of the whole SDLC scheme and paves the way for the successful execution of upcoming steps and, ultimately, a successful project launch
planning stage
the problem or pain the software targets is clearly defined
planning stage
it involves analysis of the resources and costs needed to complete the project, as well as estimating the overall price of the software developed
planning stage
it clearly defines the outline of system development
planning stage
in this step, you incorporate more specific data for your new system
analysis stage
it includes the first system prototype drafts, market research, and an evaluation of competitors
analysis stage
it is an essential precursor to development
design stage
it is often incorrectly equated with the actual development process but is rather an extensive prototyping stage
design stage
they are used for the fast creation of multiple early- stage working prototypes
prototyping tools
they ensure that best practices are rigorously adhered to
AI monitoring tools
in this stage, the system creation process produces a working solution
development stage
this stage includes both front and back-end development
development stage
it is often split into different sub- stages
development stage
it ensures the application’s features work correctly and coherently and fulfill user objectives and expectations
testing stage
it involves detecting the possible bugs, defects, and errors, searching for vulnerabilities, etc., and can sometimes take up even more time compared to the app-building stage
testing stage
it uses testing outcomes based on plain language to include non-developers in the process
behavior-driven development
a browser testing tool
selenium
at this stage, the software undergoes final testing through the training or pre-production environment
integration and implementation stage
the software is already being used by end-users
maintenance stage
it continuously evaluates performance and uptime and detect errors
automated monitoring tools
it can assist developers with ongoing quality assurance
automated monitoring tools
automated monitoring tools is also known as?
instrumentation
what are the 6 SDLC Methodologies?
waterfall model
iterative model
spiral model
v-model
the big bang model
agile model
it implies a linear type of project phase completion
waterfall model
each stage has its separate project plan and is strictly related to the previous and next steps of system development
waterfall model
it allows for a high degree of structure and clarity
waterfall model
it incorporates a series of smaller “waterfalls,” where manageable portions of code are carefully analyzed, tested, and delivered through repeating development cycles
iterative model
it is often favored because it is adaptable, and changes are comparatively easier to accommodate
iterative model
it best fits large projects where the risk of issues arising is high
spiral model
it enables regular incorporation of feedback, which significantly reduces the time and costs required to implement changes
spiral model
it requires a rigorous timeline and large amounts of resources
verification and validation methodology
it tends to be resource-intensive and inflexible
verification and validation model
it is mostly used for creating and delivering a wide range of ideas
the big bang model
it perfectly fits the clients who don’t have a clear idea or vision of what their final product should look like
the big bang model
it prioritizes collaboration and the implementation of small changes based on regular feedback
agile model
it accounts for shifting project requirements, which may become apparent over the course of SDLC
agile model
it is a type of time-constrained Agile model
scrum model
it is a hybrid of the Agile and Waterfall model
agile-waterfall hybrid
they are responsible for authorizing access to the database, coordinating and monitoring its use, and acquiring software and hardware resources as needed
database administrators
administrating the primary (database) and secondary (DBMS and related software) is their responsibility
database administrators
they are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store this data
database designers
they typically interact with each potential group and user and develop a view of the database that meets the data and processing requirements of these groups
database designers
they are the people whose jobs require access to the database for querying, updating, and generating reports
end users
they occasionally access the database, but they may need different information each time
casual end user
they are typically middle-or high-level managers or other occasional browsers
casual end user
their main job function revolves around constantly querying and updating the database, using standard types of queries and updates that have been carefully programmed and tested
naive or parametric end user
they include engineers, scientists, business analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with the facilities of the DBMS so as to implement their applications to meet their complex requirements
sophisticated end user
they maintain the personal databases by using ready- made program packages that provide an easy-to-use menu or graphics- based interfaces
stand-alone user
they determine the requirements of end users, especially naive and parametric end users, and develop specifications for canned transactions that meet these requirements
system analysts
they describe how a database management system (DBMS) will be integrated with your application
database architecture
the database and any application interfacing with the database are kept on a single server or device
1-tier architecture
this is generally a fast way to access data
1-tier architecture
it consists of multiple clients connecting directly to the database
2-tier architecture
it is also known as client-server architecture
2-tier architecture
2-tier architecture is also known as?
client-server architecture
this architecture used to be more common when a desktop application would connect to a single database hosted on an on-premise database server
2-tier architecture
most modern web applications use this architecture
3-tier architecture
in this architecture, the clients connect to a back end, which in turn connects to the database
3-tier architecture
