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PAS 610 > Day 8 slides > Flashcards

Day 8 slides Flashcards

1
Q

descriptive statistics refers to the what?

A

the population

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2
Q

inferential statistics refers to what?

A

the sample

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3
Q

what things does inferential statistics include?

A

CI, p-value, hypothesis testing

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4
Q

What can you inferential stats allow you to do?

A

infer things about larger population from the sample

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5
Q

P-value of less than what is statistically significant?

A

less than 0.05

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6
Q

a smaller standard deviation means what?

A

more certainty

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7
Q

what things should you consider when trying to consider if a study is significant?

A
  • larger difference between means
  • smaller SD= more certainty
  • appropriate sample size
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8
Q

what are confidence intervals?

A

how accurate this estimate is for the whole population

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9
Q

what type of data are CI’s used for?

A

interval or ratio

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10
Q

how do you increase CI?

A
  • increase sample size
  • narrow the variance
  • reduce random measurement errors
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11
Q

Why does increasing sample size help?

A

a bigger sample gives us more confidence in the result and that it can be applied to a larger population

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12
Q

What does it mean to narrow the variance?

A

more homogenous sample risks limiting generalizability

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13
Q

What does a CI actually tell us?

A

confidence intervals tell us what our best guess is for the size of the population effect, 95% of the time

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14
Q

What does a p-value of 0.05 actually mean?

A

it means that the result could have occurred by chance less than 5% of the time, therefore it is likely due to some relationship

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15
Q

What is a t-test?

A

compare two means (significant difference)

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16
Q

What is an independent samples t-test?

A

comparing two different things

17
Q

What is a paired samples t-test?

A

pre-test/post-test; before and after comparing the same thing

18
Q

What is a one-tail approach?

A

there is no real risk for harm, so you only have space to gain; will be seen in a positive distribution

-all 5% is improvement

19
Q

What is the two-tailed approach?

A

2.5% in either direction (may be harmful or helpful)

20
Q

When must you determine if you are doing a one tailed or two tailed approach?

A

must be determined in advance before doing the test

21
Q

what does POEM stand for?

A

patient-oriented evidence matters

22
Q

What is patient-oriented evidence?

A

deals with outcomes of importance to patients, such as changes in morbidity, mortality, or QOL

23
Q

What does DOE stand for?

A

disease oriented evidence

24
Q

What is disease oriented evidence?

A

deals with surrogate and points, such as changes in laboratory values or other measure of response

25
Q

Why is DOE alone not good?

A

key clinical recommendations lack support of outcomes evidence; doesn’t give you the full picture

26
Q

Clinical trials, especially RCTS, have what?

A

high internal validity, which means you have the ability to determine cause-effect relationships

27
Q

Why do clinical trials have high internal validity?

A

because you can control for most sources bias, randomization, blinding, and allocation concealment

28
Q

What are explanatory trials?

A

aims to test whether an intervention works under optimal situations

29
Q

What are the issues with explanatory trials?

A
  • systematic lack of comparative trials in health science literature
  • can fail to be broadly generalizable
30
Q

What are pragmatic trials?

A

designed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in real-life routine practice conditions

31
Q

What is the problem with pragmatic trials?

A

susceptible to bias

32
Q

What is good about pragmatic trials?

A

may produce results that can be generalized and applied in routine practice settings

33
Q

What do critical appraisal tools do?

A

can be used as a resource to help digest research

PAS 610 (4 decks)

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