Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PAS 610 > Chapter 1, 2, 3, 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2, 3, 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a population

A

entire group of people or data you want to understand (ie. all diabetics in the country)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a sample

A

a subgroup of the whole (all diabetics in a single town, but not the whole country)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an element

A

a single observation (single patient with diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are descriptive studies

A

simply describe the data pertaining to a population or a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are inferential studies

A

tries to infer the features of a population from the limited data found in a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a parameter

A

a number that describes a population characteristic (both start with P)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a statistic

A

a number that describes a sample characteristic (both start with S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is sampling error?

A

an acknowledgment that people and measurements normally vary, even if a sample is randomly chosen from the population in an unbiased way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you reduce sampling error?

A

increase the size of the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is selection bias?

A

the researcher has not selected the sample randomly, but with a bias toward particular characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

With selection bias, what will be wrong?

A

the conclusions about the general population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does increasing sample size correct selection bias?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is validity?

A

the accuracy of a test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is another word for invalid?

A

inaccurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is reliability

A

how repeatable a test is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what. is a variable

A

anything that changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an independent variable

A

one that influences variation

18
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

the result of applying the independent variable

19
Q

what axis is the independent variable normally plotted on?

A

x axis

20
Q

what axis is the dependent variable plotted on?

A

the y axis

21
Q

a normal Gaussian curve has what shape

A

a classic bell shape

22
Q

A curve that is not gaussian may be ____ or ____

A

skewed or kurtotic (excessively peaked or flat)

23
Q

what is the multiplication rule

A

the probability of a patient having disease A X the probability of a patient having disease B

(shows you the probability of a patient having both diseases)

-A and B situation

24
Q

what is the addition rule

A

(the probability of having A) + (the probability of having B)

  • assume conditions are mutually exclusive and you can only have one at a time
  • A or B situation
25
Q

what is the difference between statistical significance vs. clinical significance?

A

statistical significance just means that the data holds significance in terms of p-value, but a provider will want to know if the data is clinically significant and that requires clinical judgement

26
Q

what is the difference in abnormal in statistics and abnormal in medicine?

A

abnormal in statistics simply refers to what is unlikely (such as having extremely high intelligence) and abnormal in medicine means pathological

27
Q

what is the mean

A

obtained by adding up the numbers and dividing by the total number of numbers

28
Q

what is the median

A

the center number in the ordered sequence of data points

29
Q

what is the mode

A

the number that appears most often in the sequence

30
Q

What is it called when there is no mode? how about two modes? or three?

A

amodal; bimodal; trimodal

31
Q

How can outliers affect the mean?

A

the mean tends to move towards the direction of the outliers

32
Q

what is a trimmed mean?

A

the highest and lowest values are omitted, thus reducing the distorting effect of outliers

33
Q

What is a weighted mean?

A

a mean combined from several samples of different sizes

34
Q

what is an approximate mean

A

resembles the weighted mean, but is used where data points are in intervals

35
Q

what is geometric mean

A

summarizes change over time as the average ratio of change

36
Q

The mean, median, and mode are all considered to be forms of an ____

A

average, but each one may be useful in different situations

37
Q

what is the range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest values

38
Q

Explain the limitations of the range

A

similar ranges may correspond to very different sets of data; for example, one provider that sees a max of 60 patients a day and a minimum of 52 patients a day has a range of 8, so does a plastic surgeon who sees a minimum of 1 patient and maximum of 9. Same range but very different work loads.

39
Q

what is variance

A

a better way of describing the spread (like the range) in data; shows variability among the data points

40
Q

what is standard deviation

A

a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values from the mean

41
Q

what is a z-score?

A

the number of standard deviations a data point (element) lies away from the mean

42
Q

what is the coefficient of variation

A

standard deviation divided by the mean; it is another way of looking at the scatter of data points around the mean

PAS 610 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions