Day 3 MQ's Flashcards
Which cells are central to acute inflammatory and allergy responses?
Mast Cells
Which of the blood tests below can be used to specifically monitor the presence of
inflammation?
C reactive protein
The five cardinal signs of inflammations are:
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function
Name the three phases of the acute inflammatory response and describe what happens in each
(6 marks)
Vascular response - vasodilation (blood vessels swell)
Cellular response - immune cells eg. neutrophils
Release of inflammatory mediators eg. histamine which causes pain
Knowledge of risk factors for sepsis is pivotal in early recognition. Identify the groups of people who are mostly at risk of developing sepsis
(5 marks)
- Elderly (- over 75 years)
- Autoimmune
- Children (under 1)
- Have an infection
- Pregnant
- Very frail
Ebunoluwa hasn’t had many acute asthma attacks; she often feels mild tightness in the chest and frequently coughs. Using your knowledge of the pathophysiology of chronic asthma, explain why? (3 marks)
Airflow is normally limited but reversible
Asthmatics airway is always in a condition of being hyper-responsive to stimuli/ triggers
Bronchospasm causes contraction of smooth muscles resulting in narrow airways
Bronchi are always in a state of chronic inflammation
Always some element of breathing obstruction
Describe why a patient who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may require a lower target oxygen saturation? (8 marks)
- Patient with advanced COPD have elastic tissue loss -> Chronic obstruction and collapse of lung airways
- This creates a constant increase/ retention of carbon dioxide in the blood – the carbon dioxide cannot be expelled
- Normal breathing. The level of Co2 in the blood is what urges you to breathe. CO2 changes the pH of the blood, and this is detected by chemoreceptors.
4 + 5 + 6 COPD patients have chronically high co2 levels. The chemoreceptors become unresponsive to co2 and rely on o2 levels instead. This is the hypoxic drive and decreases your respiration rate - If you give a COPD patient too much oxygen this causes the oxygen receptors to reduce your breathing rate because you are no longer being stimulated to breathe. Too much oxygen can lead to respiration arrest
- Carbon dioxide levels continue to rise when breathing becomes ineffective
Pavel has a night out. Describe the physiological process Pavel’s body uses to complete the process of vomiting (17 marks)
SIMPLE
Noxious stimuli
nerve system pathways
Pre-ejection
Ejection
Pathway
Alcohol (toxin) causes noxious stimuli
Stimulates parasympathetic nerves which cause salvation to protect mouth and gums from stomach acid
Stimulates sympathetic nerve which causes HR + sweat to shed heat
Spinal nerve stimulates abdominal muscles to contract to reduce abdominal pressure
Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to reduce thorax pressure
Retching
- Pressure causes reverse peristalsis and forces intestines contents through pyloric splinter into the stomach. Pyloric splinter closes
- Stomach and oesophagus relax. Retching produces pressure on the stomach to force food out and up the oesophagus. food ejected
Ashti is a 45-year-old female who had been admitted to hospital following 2 weeks of diahorrea and vomiting secondary to food poisoning. What sequelae ( condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury) should the registered nurse observe for?
(5 marks)
Dehydration
D & V potassium electrolyte imbalance
Oesophageal tear
Transmission of injection
Malnutrition
Metabolic process causes body’s pH to elevate greater than 7.45
Constipation is a common presentation across the lifespan, particularly in children. Name the three types of constipation and describe the pathophysiology of each of them
(6 marks)
normal transit – regular passing of stools but evacuation is difficult eg. lack of exercise, low fibre, dehydrated
slow transit – infrequent bowel movements and straining to pass stool
pelvic floor dysfunction – poor activation of pelvic floor muscles
