Day 3 + 4

Question 1

Define blockchain

Answer 1

Blockchain is a transparent, decentral and secure way for recording and sharing data and information without the need to involve third party intermediaries

Question 2

How does blockchain work?

Answer 2

• no need to store information with third parties
• the records are interlocked on many computers which hold identical information
• if one computer´s blockchain updates are breached, the system rejects it
• hackers need to hack over 50% of the computers in the blockchain to make their information “right”

Question 3

Why should blockchain support identity and access management systems?

Answer 3

-it is difficult to ensure, that the properties of physical assets, individuals, resource use and other relevant events are stored securely

Question 4

How can blockchain support identity and access management systems?

Answer 4

• for IoT devices a private blockchain can be used
• a permanent record of device configuration and state is made
• record can be used to verify that a device is genuine and the device hasn´t been tampered with

Question 5

FIPs

Answer 5

Fair Information Principles

Question 6

What are the FIPs?

Answer 6

an established set of principles for adressing privacy concerns on which moder privacy laws are based

Question 7

Name 4 FIP principles

Answer 7

1) Transparency principle
2) Security provision
3) individual participation principle
4) Accountability princiiple

Question 8

Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the transparency principle

Answer 8

-without knowledge or consent of a consumer, intermediaries, such as CSOs may use private information for purposes that the consumer does not expect or understand

Question 9

Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the security provision

Answer 9

-failure to protect PII and unintended or inappropriate disclosure

Question 10

Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the individual participation principle

Answer 10

• a large proportion of data comes from passive data collection
• most users are not aware and do not notice that data on them is being captured

Question 11

Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the accountability (Rechenschaftspflicht) principle

Answer 11

-the lack of audit trail means that accountability cannot be assessed

Question 12

How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the transparency principle?

Answer 12

-ther is no custodian or steward of user data, data is controlled with private and public keys

Question 13

How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the security provision?

Answer 13

-owner chooses what information to release to whom and what to withold

Question 14

How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the individual participation principle

Answer 14

-smart contract connects a consumer with all the concerned parties and ensures that the consumer can explicitly participate

Question 15

How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the accountability principle

Answer 15

-blockchain ledgers includes an audit trail to ensure that accountability has not been neglected

Question 16

What is secondary data?

Answer 16

• These are data gathered and recorded by someone else prior to and for a purpose other than the current project
• historical
• already assembled
• needs no access to subjects

Question 17

Advantages of secondary data

Answer 17

• Inexpensive
• Obtained Rapidly
• Information is not otherwise Accessible

Question 18

Disadvantages of secondary data

Answer 18

• Uncertain Accuracy
• Data Not Consistent with Needs
• Inappropriate Units of Measurement
• Time Period Inappropriate (Dated)

Question 19

Define survey

Answer 19

A survey represents a way of describing public opinion by collecting primary data through communicating directly with individual sampling units

Question 20

Define sample survey

Answer 20

A sample survey is a more formal term for a survey emphasizing that respondents’ opinions presumably represent a sample of the larger target population’s opinion

Question 21

People who answer questions during a survey

Answer 21

respondents

Question 22

Advantages of surveys

Answer 22

• Quick
• Inexpensive
• Efficient
• Accurate
• Flexible

Question 23

Disadvantage of surveys

Answer 23

-Can have errors, which cause misleading results

Question 24

Classifications for survey errors (3)

Answer 24

1) Nonsampling systematic error
2) Sampling error
3) Administrative error

Question 25

Name nonsampling systematic errors (2)

Answer 25

Respondent error:

1) Nonresponse error
2) Response bias

Question 26

Name types of response bias (4)

Answer 26

Deliberate falsification or unconscious misrepresentation:

1) Acquiescence bias
2) Extremity bias
3) Soial Desirability bias
4) Interviewer bias

Question 27

Name types of sampling errors (2)

Answer 27

1) Random sampling error

2) Sampling frame error -> systematic sampling error

Question 28

Name administrative errors (5)

Answer 28

1) Data processing error
2) Sample selection error
3) Interviewer error
4) Interviewer cheating
5) measurement errors

Question 29

Define sampling error

Answer 29

error arising because of inadequacies of the actual respondents to represent the population of interest

Question 30

Define systematic sampling error

Answer 30

error resulting from some imperfect aspect of the research design

Question 31

Define random sampling error

Answer 31

A sampling error in cases where the sample has been selected by a random method. It is common practice to refer to random sampling error simply as “sampling error” where the random nature of the selective process is understood or assumed

Question 32

What is a respondent error?

Answer 32

-A nonsampling systematic error resulting from some respondent action such as lying or inaction
-Two major categories:
Nonresponse error
Response bias

Question 33

Define a nonresponse error

Answer 33

An error that occurs when planned respondents don´t participate n the survey for various reasons:

• mistakenly not contacted
• not received the request
• refusals
• self-selection bias: people who feel strongly about a subject are more likely to respond

Question 34

Define response bias:

Answer 34

-A bias that occurs when respondents either consciously or unconsciously answer questions with a certain slant that misrepresents the truth
-Two categories:
.deliberate falsification
.unconscious misinterpretation

Question 35

Define Acquiescence bias

Answer 35

Tendency for a respondent to try to agree with the viewpoint of a survey

Question 36

Define Extremity bias

Answer 36

Some individuals tend to use extremes when responding to questions

Question 37

Define Interviewer bias

Answer 37

The presence of the interviewer influences respondents’ answers

Question 38

Define Social desirability bias

Answer 38

Bias in responses caused by respondents’ desire, either conscious or unconscious, to gain prestige or appear in a different social role

Question 39

Define administrative error

Answer 39

An error caused by the improper administration or execution of the research task

Question 40

Define data processing error

Answer 40

Incorrect data entry, incorrect computer programming, or other procedural errors during data analysis

Question 41

Define sample selection error

Answer 41

Improper sample design or sampling procedure execution

Question 42

Define interviewer error

Answer 42

Mistakes made by interviewers

Question 43

Define Interviewer cheating

Answer 43

Filling in fake answers or falsifying questionnaires during an interview (e.g. for comission)

Question 44

Types of survey approaches (2)

Answer 44

1) Interactive survey approaches
- Communication that allows spontaneous two-way interaction between the interviewer and the respondent
2) Noninteractive media
- Two-way communication by which respondents give answers to static questions that do not allow a dynamic dialog

Question 45

Advantages of personal interviews

Answer 45

• Opportunity for feedback
• Probing complex answers
• Length of interview
• Completeness of questionnaire
• Props and visual aids
• High participation rate

Question 46

Disadvantages of personal interviews

Answer 46

1) Interviewer bias:
- Respondents act differently with different interviewers
- Interviewer’s tone of voice and appearance are influential
2) Lack of anonymity of respondent
3) Cost: personal interviews are expensive