Day 3 + 4 Flashcards
Define blockchain
Blockchain is a transparent, decentral and secure way for recording and sharing data and information without the need to involve third party intermediaries
How does blockchain work?
- no need to store information with third parties
- the records are interlocked on many computers which hold identical information
- if one computer´s blockchain updates are breached, the system rejects it
- hackers need to hack over 50% of the computers in the blockchain to make their information “right”
Why should blockchain support identity and access management systems?
-it is difficult to ensure, that the properties of physical assets, individuals, resource use and other relevant events are stored securely
How can blockchain support identity and access management systems?
- for IoT devices a private blockchain can be used
- a permanent record of device configuration and state is made
- record can be used to verify that a device is genuine and the device hasn´t been tampered with
FIPs
Fair Information Principles
What are the FIPs?
an established set of principles for adressing privacy concerns on which moder privacy laws are based
Name 4 FIP principles
1) Transparency principle
2) Security provision
3) individual participation principle
4) Accountability princiiple
Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the transparency principle
-without knowledge or consent of a consumer, intermediaries, such as CSOs may use private information for purposes that the consumer does not expect or understand
Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the security provision
-failure to protect PII and unintended or inappropriate disclosure
Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the individual participation principle
- a large proportion of data comes from passive data collection
- most users are not aware and do not notice that data on them is being captured
Name the challenge in a non-blockchain world for the accountability (Rechenschaftspflicht) principle
-the lack of audit trail means that accountability cannot be assessed
How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the transparency principle?
-ther is no custodian or steward of user data, data is controlled with private and public keys
How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the security provision?
-owner chooses what information to release to whom and what to withold
How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the individual participation principle
-smart contract connects a consumer with all the concerned parties and ensures that the consumer can explicitly participate
How can blockchain address the challenges regarding the accountability principle
-blockchain ledgers includes an audit trail to ensure that accountability has not been neglected
What is secondary data?
- These are data gathered and recorded by someone else prior to and for a purpose other than the current project
- historical
- already assembled
- needs no access to subjects
Advantages of secondary data
- Inexpensive
- Obtained Rapidly
- Information is not otherwise Accessible
Disadvantages of secondary data
- Uncertain Accuracy
- Data Not Consistent with Needs
- Inappropriate Units of Measurement
- Time Period Inappropriate (Dated)
Define survey
A survey represents a way of describing public opinion by collecting primary data through communicating directly with individual sampling units
Define sample survey
A sample survey is a more formal term for a survey emphasizing that respondents’ opinions presumably represent a sample of the larger target population’s opinion
People who answer questions during a survey
respondents
Advantages of surveys
- Quick
- Inexpensive
- Efficient
- Accurate
- Flexible
Disadvantage of surveys
-Can have errors, which cause misleading results
Classifications for survey errors (3)
1) Nonsampling systematic error
2) Sampling error
3) Administrative error
Name nonsampling systematic errors (2)
Respondent error:
1) Nonresponse error
2) Response bias
Name types of response bias (4)
Deliberate falsification or unconscious misrepresentation:
1) Acquiescence bias
2) Extremity bias
3) Soial Desirability bias
4) Interviewer bias
Name types of sampling errors (2)
1) Random sampling error
2) Sampling frame error -> systematic sampling error
Name administrative errors (5)
1) Data processing error
2) Sample selection error
3) Interviewer error
4) Interviewer cheating
5) measurement errors
Define sampling error
error arising because of inadequacies of the actual respondents to represent the population of interest
Define systematic sampling error
error resulting from some imperfect aspect of the research design
Define random sampling error
A sampling error in cases where the sample has been selected by a random method. It is common practice to refer to random sampling error simply as “sampling error” where the random nature of the selective process is understood or assumed
What is a respondent error?
-A nonsampling systematic error resulting from some respondent action such as lying or inaction
-Two major categories:
Nonresponse error
Response bias
Define a nonresponse error
An error that occurs when planned respondents don´t participate n the survey for various reasons:
- mistakenly not contacted
- not received the request
- refusals
- self-selection bias: people who feel strongly about a subject are more likely to respond
Define response bias:
-A bias that occurs when respondents either consciously or unconsciously answer questions with a certain slant that misrepresents the truth
-Two categories:
.deliberate falsification
.unconscious misinterpretation
Define Acquiescence bias
Tendency for a respondent to try to agree with the viewpoint of a survey
Define Extremity bias
Some individuals tend to use extremes when responding to questions
Define Interviewer bias
The presence of the interviewer influences respondents’ answers
Define Social desirability bias
Bias in responses caused by respondents’ desire, either conscious or unconscious, to gain prestige or appear in a different social role
Define administrative error
An error caused by the improper administration or execution of the research task
Define data processing error
Incorrect data entry, incorrect computer programming, or other procedural errors during data analysis
Define sample selection error
Improper sample design or sampling procedure execution
Define interviewer error
Mistakes made by interviewers
Define Interviewer cheating
Filling in fake answers or falsifying questionnaires during an interview (e.g. for comission)
Types of survey approaches (2)
1) Interactive survey approaches
- Communication that allows spontaneous two-way interaction between the interviewer and the respondent
2) Noninteractive media
- Two-way communication by which respondents give answers to static questions that do not allow a dynamic dialog
Advantages of personal interviews
- Opportunity for feedback
- Probing complex answers
- Length of interview
- Completeness of questionnaire
- Props and visual aids
- High participation rate
Disadvantages of personal interviews
1) Interviewer bias:
- Respondents act differently with different interviewers
- Interviewer’s tone of voice and appearance are influential
2) Lack of anonymity of respondent
3) Cost: personal interviews are expensive
