Big Data

Question 1

Definition Big Data

Answer 1

extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactions

Question 2

Which characteristics has big data in relation to security, privacy and welfare concerns? (5)

Answer 2

1) Volume
2) Velocity (Geschwindigkeit)
3) Variety
5) Variability
6) Complexity

Question 3

Explain Volume

Answer 3

-huge amounts of data from a wide range of sources (transactions, unstructured streaming from text, images, audio, voice, VoIP, video, TV and other media, sensor and machine-to data)

Question 4

Explain Velocity

Answer 4

• some data is time-sensitive
• > speed is more important than volume
• needs to be stored, processed and analyzed quickly

Question 5

Explain Variety

Answer 5

• data comes in in various formats:

- structured, numeric data, traditional database, unstructured text docs, email, video, audio, fin. transactions

Question 6

Explain Variability

Answer 6

• data flows can vary greatly with periodic peaks and throughs
• related to social media trends, daily, seasonal and event-triggerde peak data loads and other factors

Question 7

Explain complexity

Answer 7

-data comes from multiple sources which requires different strategies of data preparation as linking, cleansing, and transforming across different systems

Question 8

Explain Collection/storing for the characteristic volume

Answer 8

• high volume -> higher attractiveness for cybercriminals
• amplified technical impact
• transparency principles might be violated

Question 9

Explain Collection/storing for the characteristic velocity

Answer 9

• customer concerns over privacy are increasing because of behavioral advertising based on real-time profiling and tracking technologies such as cookies
• individual participation principle of FIPPs is violated (individual can´t give consent or deny data usage)

Question 10

What is PII?

Answer 10

• personally, identifiable information
• can be used to distinguish or trace an individual´s identity (e.g. name, social security number, biometric records)
• highly personal

Question 11

What are the FIPPs?

Answer 11

The Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs), are a set of eight principles regarding data usage, collection, and privacy. They were published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Question 12

Explain Collection/storing for the characteristic variety

Answer 12

• unstructured data is more likely to conceal PII

- large variety makes it more difficult to detect security breaches, react and respond appropriately

Question 13

Explain Collection/storing for the characteristic variability

Answer 13

• Organizations may lack capabilities to securely store huge amounts of data and manage the collected data during peak data traffic
• Attractiveness as a crime target increases during peak data traffic

Question 14

Explain Collection/storing for the characteristic complexity

Answer 14

• prepared, complex data is often more personal than the data a person would consent to give
• Data collected from illicit sources is more likely to have information on technologically less savvy consumers

Question 15

Explain sahring/accessibility by third parties and various user types for the characteristic volume

Answer 15

-firms may need to outsource data analysis to cloud-service-providers which may give rise to privacy and security issues

Question 16

Explain sharing/accessibility by third parties and various user types for the characteristic velocity (fast data)

Answer 16

• increase in supply and demand of location-based real time personal information (stalking people in real-time)
• risk of hurting the personal living sphere and physical security risks

Question 17

Explain sharing/accessibility by third parties and various user types for the characteristic variety

Answer 17

-Most organizations lack mechanisms to ensure that employees and third-parties have appropriate access to unstructured data and they are in compliance with data protection regulations.

Question 18

Explain sharing/accessibility by third parties and various user types for the characteristic variability

Answer 18

-peak data traffic may cause higher needs to outsource to cloud-service-providers which may lead to security issues

Question 19

Explain sharing/accessibility by third parties and various user types for the characteristic complexity

Answer 19

• data from different sources can be combined
• with that de-identified data can be re-identified
• > violation of FIP(P)s

Question 20

Give a company as an example for the characteristic volume

Answer 20

• Amazon
• has a massive database with all the customer details, search history and purchase activities
• has its own cloud service AWS (Amazon Web Services) to handle data and offer services to other customers

Question 21

Give a company as an example for the characteristic velocity

Answer 21

• starbucks
• uses geo-push to make highly targeted offers
• tracks users via GPS or cell towers
• geo-fences, virtual boundaries around starbucks shops
• crossing them leads to a specific action as sendig a coupon to your phone

Question 22

Give a company as an example for the characteristic complexity

Answer 22

• starbucks
• combines geo data (geo-fences) with users’ purchase history to anticipate user desires and lure the potential customer into the stores