Day 2 (11/7)

Question 1

What is a hominin

Answer 1

Anything after the split between humans and chimps/bonobos

Question 2

What came first, bipedalism or large brain size?

Answer 2

bipedalism

Question 3

Describe the trend of how teeth changed in hominins

Answer 3

canines morphed from being big/ sexual selection for fighting to smaller

Question 4

Describe the trend in aborealism with the evolution of hominins

Answer 4

More frequent (chimps) to less common

Question 5

Sahelanthropus tchadensis location

Answer 5

Chad, Africa

Question 6

Sahelanthropus tchadensis age

Answer 6

7-6 MYA

Question 7

Is Sahelanthropus tchadensis bipedal or not

Answer 7

yes, bipedal

Question 8

Sahelanthropus tchadensis brain size

Answer 8

360cc

Question 9

Sahelanthropus tchadensis brow ridge

Answer 9

huge brow ridge

Question 10

Sahelanthropus tchadensis canines

Answer 10

small (already trend)

Question 11

How is the presence of bipedalism determined from fossils?

Answer 11

location of spinal column emerging from skull (foramen magnum)

Question 12

Orrorin tugenensis location

Answer 12

Kenya, Africa

Question 13

Orrorin tugenensis age

Answer 13

6.1-5.8 mya

Question 14

Orrorin tugenensis femur as proof of bipedalism

Answer 14

there was great gravitational force on the inside of the top of the femur, making the bone thicker there

Question 15

What is one common approach for interpreting function from fossils?

Answer 15

biomechanics

Question 16

Wolff’s Law

Answer 16

bone growth in response to mechanical stress

Question 17

Ardipithecus kadabba location

Answer 17

Ethiopia, Africa

Question 18

Ardipithecus kadabba age

Answer 18

5.8 - 5.2 mya

Question 19

Ardipithecus kadabba bipedal?

Answer 19

yes, Ardipithecus kadabba bipedal

Question 20

Ardipithecus kadabba canines?

Answer 20

Ape-like; small, but pointy

Space between teeth that allows canines to connect) ?

Question 21

Ardipithecus ramidus location

Answer 21

Ethiopia, Africa

Question 22

Ardipithecus ramidus age

Answer 22

4.4 mya

Question 23

Ardipithecus ramidus skull overall

Answer 23

ape-like (smaller)

Question 24

Ardipithecus ramidus prognathism

Answer 24

Similar to chimps, bottom half of face juts out. “primitive/ancestral trait”

Question 25

Ardipithecus ramidus brain size

Answer 25

small, 325cc, smaller than some chimps

Question 26

Ardipithecus ramidus canines

Answer 26

chimp-like, but a bit smaller

Question 27

Ardipithecus ramidus molars

Answer 27

??? suggest a broader diet than chimps

Question 28

Ardipithecus ramidus locomotion

Answer 28

long arms and curved fingers suggests climbing and tree use, but not a knucklewalker (this is generally true of Ardipithecus species)

Question 29

human hip bones compared to Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 29

humans have much taller hip bones with a wider flat area

Question 30

human ilium compared to Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 30

similar, wide and low

Question 31

What is the ilium

Answer 31

blade of the pelvis

Question 32

What is significant about the ischium

Answer 32

where the hamstring muscle attaches

Question 33

Ardipithecus ramidus ischium

Answer 33

chimp-like. an adaptation for vertical climbing

Question 34

Ardipithecus ramidus feet

Answer 34

ape-like, divergent big toe

Question 35

Name the two theories for why bipedalism developed

Answer 35

Arboreal theory and Savannah theory

Question 36

Describe the arboreal theory for bipedalism

Answer 36

Because hominins existed in the trees, there is something more efficient about being bipedal in the trees (reaching and stability)

Question 37

Describe the savannah theory for bipedalism

Answer 37

as the climate is cooling (hot and wet vs. cold and dry), resources are more patchily distributed. Theory seems unlikely because- earliest hominins found in forests not savannas and bipedalism is not more efficient

Question 38

Australopithecus anamensis location

Answer 38

Ethiopia, Africa

Question 39

Australopithecus anamensis age

Answer 39

4.2 - 3.9 mya

Question 40

Australopithecus anamensis bipedal?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

did Australopithecus anamensis have sagittal crest?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

Australopithecus anamensis canines

Answer 42

small

Question 43

Australopithecus anamensis brain size

Answer 43

370cc

Question 44

Australopithecus anamensis tibia

Answer 44

top is wider (like gorillas)

Question 45

Was the transition from Australopithecus anamensis to Australopithecus afarensis anagenesis or cladogenesis?

Answer 45

Skull discovery supports cladogenesis because the daughter species not a general transition from one to the other