Day 17-18 - Intellectual Disability Flashcards
What was the first IQ test?
Stanford-Binet
Distinguish cognitive abilities and intelligence
- cognitive abilities: set of mental processes which improve and degrade over course of lifetime
- intelligence: measured quantity summarizing person’s ability to apply knowledge and skills
Distinguish fluid vs crystallized intelligence
- fluid: ability to reason/solve novel problems
- crystallized: use of knowledge acquired thru school/life exp
What is mental age?
level of age-graded problems child can solve
Models of intelligence that use g are examples of ____ views of intelligence
hierarchical
Wechsler Intelligence Scales are an example of ___ views of intelligence
hierarchical
What are the 5 primary index scales in the WISC that make up FSIQ?
- verbal comprehension (similarities + vocab)
- visual spatial (block design + visual puzzles)
- fluid reasoning (matrix reasoning + figure weights)
- working memory (digit span + picture span)
- processing speed (coding + symbol search)
What is the M and SD for IQ scores
100; 15
Nearly __% of people have IQ scores between 70 and 130
95%
At what age is IQ strongly predictive of later IQ
4!
(T/F) infant IQ is never useful in predicting later IQ
FALSE, predictive in kids w moderate-severe ID
What are 3 possible differences for racial-ethnic disparities in IQ scores?
- bias in tests
- environmental differences among groups
- stereotype threat
(T/F) biases in IQ tests are due to verbal aspects
FALSE, NV aspects also biased!
(T/F) racial-ethnic diffs in IQ scores are entirely explained by stereotype threat and environmental differences
FALSE (not clear what else is going on)
What are 2 main criticisms of traditional IQ tests
- test knowledge ass w cultural majority
- focus on processing speed (partial solution is GAI which provides estimate less reliant on processing speed and working memory)
We can understand Gardner’s theory of intelligence as asking _______? instead of “how smart are you?”
how are you smart?
What are Gardner’s 8 dimensions of intelligence
- logical-mathematical
- linguistic-verbal
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
- visual-spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- musical-rhythmic
What are the components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
- creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
- analytic intelligence
What is successful intelligence and what was it based on
- came after Sternberg’s Triarchic theory
- successful intelligence is when all 3 components are good
- allows one to establish and achieve goals, optimize strengths and minimize weaknesses, and adapt to environment
In DSM5 ID is defined by ____ rather than strictly by ___
adaptive functioning; IQ
What is the Flynn effect?
- general rise of pop IQ (3pts ish per decade) so have to rebalance assessments
What is required for a diagnosis of Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
- deficits in intellectual functioning
- deficits in adaptive functioning
- onset during developmental period
WHat is the IQ cutoff for an ID diagnosis?
- used to be 65-75
- now no clear cut rule, but diagnosis not appropriate for those w substantially higher IQ
What are the levels of severity in ID based on?
adaptive functioning (used to be IQ)
What are the 3 domains of adaptive functioning?
- conceptual skills (eg language, money)
- social skills (rule following, interpersonal)
- practical skills (daily living)
“Mild” ID:
- applies to about __% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified ____
- is more likely in kids from ____
- applies to about 85% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified in later elementary years
- is more likely in kids from lower SES
“Moderate” ID:
- applies to about __% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified ____
- applies to many ppl w _____
- more apparent difficulties with ___
- applies to about 10% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified during preschool years
- applies to many ppl w Down’s syndrome
- more apparent difficulties with adaptive functioning
“Severe” ID:
- applies to about __% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified ____
- is often associated with ____
- applies to about 3-4% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified at a very young age
- is often associated with clear organic cause
“Profound” ID:
- applies to about __% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified ____
- is often associated with ____
- applies to about 1-2% of ppl w ID
- is typically identified in infancy
- is often associated with clear organic cause and co-occurring medical conditions
Community estimates of ID range from __ to __%
1-3%
(T/F) all severities of ID are more prevalent in low SES groups
FALSE, only mild ID
What are gender differences in ID prevalence?
- slightly more males (mainly for mild ID)
The heritability of intelligence is about __%
50%
What is the most common cause of severe ID?
chromosomal abnormalities
What are 3 key types of chromosomal abnormalities contributing to ID?
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21, usually random)
- prader-willi and angelman (chomosome 15, usually random)
- Fragile X syndrome (inherited)
What is Phenylketonuria?
- PKU
- single gene problem leading to ID
- inherited
- can’t metabolize amino acid phenylalanine, rising levels are toxic and impact intellectual dev (can manage w diet)
What are the 3 types of neurobiological injury that can lead to ID?
- prenatal (eg fetal alcohol)
- perinatal (eg anoxia at birth)
- postnatal (eg head injury)
Heritability estimates for ID (increase/decrease) when SES is lower
DECREASE
___% of ppl w ID have Down’s syndrome
15-20%
What are the key characteristics of Down syndrome?
- symbolic abilities intact
- delay in expressive language (weaker than receptive)
- fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity to caregiver
- delayed but positive dev of self-recognition
- delayed and aberrant functioning of internal state language
Rates of emotional and behavioral problems are __x greater in kids with ID
3-7x
What are the 3 most common psychiatric diagnoses in youth w ID
- impulse control disorders
- anxiety disorders
- mood disorders
What 3 specific disorders/symptoms are more common in ID?
- ADHD
- Pica
- Self-injurious behaviour
Life expectancy of ppl w Down’s is now reaching __yrs
60
What 2 chronic health conditions are most common in kids w ID?
- epilepsy
- cerebral palsy
What are 3 ways to prevent ID risk via prenatal care?
- reduce prenatal neurobio injury
- increase gestation time
- plan for uncomplicated delivery
What are 2 ways to prevent ID risk via early childhood care/education?
- safe environments (no lead paint)
- stimulating environments (educational enrichment)
There is approx a ___ word gap between parents w advanced degrees vs parents receiving social assistance in words addressed to toddlers in the first 3 years of life
30 million!!!
What was the Carolina Abecedarian project? What did they find?
- low income families
- randomly assigned infants to receive full-time educational intervention @ project daycare OR cared for at home or other center
- intervention lasted 5yrs
- by age 2, kids in project program have higher IQ and academic achievement scores
- differences maintained over time! (up to 21y!!)
- higher % of intervention kids went to college
(T/F) educational enrichment programs work really well but are not cost-effective
FALSE, actually shows public gains from these programs bc less crime and more taxes paid!
What 3 individual or family oriented approaches are used to treat ID?
- ABA
- CBT (trying to teach strategies and reasoning)
- family-oriented
