Day 14-16 - Depression Flashcards
What is dysphoria?
prolonged sadness
Distinguish between Symptom, Syndrome, and Disorder in terms of depression
- symptom: feeling/emotion of sadness (very common)
- syndrome: cluster of common symptoms, extreme on dimension of negative mood/affect
- disorder: syndrome that has been occurring for certain amount of time and w certain level of impairment
What is are the requirements for MDD in the DSM?
- presence of major depressive episode
- 5 symptoms during same 2w period
- at least one of: depressed mood/irritability most of day OR anhedonia most of day
- plus 3-4 other symptoms (sleep issues, weight issues, decreased concentration, etc)
What are the 8 specifiers for depressive disorders?
- Anxious distress
- Mixed features
- Melancholic features
- Atypical features
- With psychotic features
- With catatonia
- Peripartum onset
- Seasonal pattern
Which 2 specifiers of depression are the only ones relevant to persistent depressive disorder?
- anxious distress
- atypical features
What is required for a diagnosis of pervasive depressive disorder?
- depressed mood for 2y in adults (1y for kids/teens)
- 2+ symptoms
- never been without symptoms for more than 2mo during period of 1/2y
What is required for a diagnosis of DMDD?
- severe recurrent temper outbursts
- outbursts inconsistent w developmental level
- outbursts avg 3+ times per week
- irritable or angry mood between outbursts
- symptoms for 12mo+
- not diagnosed before 6 or after 18
- age at onset of outbursts/mood is before 10y
- has never met criteria for manic/hypomanic episode
DMDD is not diagnosed concurrently with ___ or ___
ODD (DMDD is more severe) or bipolar disorder
(T/F) DMDD is well-differentiated from ODD/CD
FALSE (no diff btw youth w/wo DMDD diagnosis in symptom severity or functional impairment)
In Copeland’s study, DMDD occurred w another disorder ___% of the time
62-92% of time
The ____ of the DMDD diagnosis is not firmly established
validity
What is the lifetime prevalence of MDD for:
- preschool kids
- elementary kids
- teens
- preschool kids: 1%
- elementary kids: 2%
- teens: 11% (increases across teens)
What is the gender ratio for MDD?
- similar levels in childhood but gap widens in late teens
- far more women diagnosed
What are the 5 possible explanations for the gender gap in MDD? What does research say about each one?
- girls more likely to seek help (FALSE)
- biological factors (puberty linked to dep in girls only)
- stress/interpersonal stress
- cognition (cognitive bias; appears comparable across genders)
- coping (girls more likely to ruminate)
Early onset depression is usually linked with (higher/lower) risk for more severe depression later on
HIGHER
What are some particular considerations for MDD in preschoolers?
- 2w MDE duration criterion not as relevant
- MDD in preschool ass w MDD 2y later even if 2w MDE criterion not met
- 2.7x more likely to be depressed at school age
- higher rates of anxiety and ADHD
Children w parent who was depressed as child are __x more likely to become depressed before age 13. What are 2 reasons for this?
- 14x
- heritability (35-75%)
- stress reactivity (early exp to stress can sensitize to later stress)
T/F only post-partum depression can have lasting impact on the baby
FALSE (prenatal dep has effect on child’s cortisol at 6-7y)
What are 2 ways postpartum depression can impact the baby?
- through breastmilk (not much research)
- behavioral (less responsive parenting)
What stage of information processing most often goes wrong for those w mood disorders?
- interpretation (automatic negative interpretation!)
What did the study looking at interpretation of ambiguous words in girls at risk for depression find?
- 10-14yrs (mom w history of dep OR control)
- NONE had current diagnosis
- presented w 2 words at same time (eg cry and dry)
- assessed interpretation
- at risk girls showed pref for negative words if depression-related!!
- controls showed pref for positive words in neutral-pos pairing
How are response search and response decision impacted in depression?
- identify fewer assertive strategies
- report self less able to carry out assertive strategies
- think avoidant strategies are more likely to result in positive outcomes
Define stress exposure vs stress generation models of depression
- stress exposure: depression results from exposure to stressful events
- stress generation: depression may lead individuals to generate stressful life events
Describe the 2000 study by Rudolph investigating the stress generation model of depression
- assessed life stress in 88 kids
- subjective and objective (researcher ratings)
- depression ass w dependent (caused by child) and interpersonal stress
- depression not ass w independent stressors
- kids w both depression and externalizing disorder experienced highest lvl of both interpersonal and non-interpersonal dependent stress
- generally supports stress generation models
