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Psychology - Research Methods > Data Recording, Analysis And Presentation > Flashcards

Data Recording, Analysis And Presentation Flashcards

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1
Q

How is raw data designed?

A

By using a tally short which summarises the data

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2
Q

What’s the use of raw data tables?

A

To get an overview of the data and see if there are any anomalies so the correct measure of central tendency can be used

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3
Q

Nominal level data

A

Categories of behaviour

Doesn’t tell us anything about the behaviour

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4
Q

Ordinal level data

A

Ranked order

Shows what ppts did the behaviour most or least

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5
Q

Interval level data

A

Level of measurement

Very Detailed as tells us most bout each ppt

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6
Q

Ratio level data

A

Type of interval

Data can’t go below 0

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7
Q

Primary data

A

Carry out own research and data is gathered directly from participants
Researcher knows exactly what controls were put in place etc but sometimes psychologists can’t carry out research themselves

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8
Q

Secondary data

A

Data that already exists
Good as can gather data that is too expensive to carry out by psychologists
May not be valid or reliable and there may be EV’s

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9
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in form of words
Tells us experiences of ppts
Hard for comparisons to be made

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10
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data in the form of numbers
Allows comparisons to be made
Easily summarised
Reliability is easy to be found as results can be repeated

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11
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean
Median
Mode

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12
Q

What measure of central tendency do you use with interval level data?

A

Mean

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13
Q

What measure of central tendency do you use with ordinal level data?

A

Median

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14
Q

What measure of central tendency do you use with nominal level data?

A

Mode

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15
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

Range
Variance
Standard deviation

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16
Q

Range

A

Subtract lowest from highest and add 1 or 0.1

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17
Q

What measure of dispersion do you use with interval level data?

A

Standard deviation and range

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18
Q

Variance

A

Measures how much a set of numbers is spread out
0 variance shows they are identical
A small variance shows they are close to each other
A high variance shows the data is spread out

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19
Q

Standard deviation

A

More detailed as it uses every piece of data

20
Q

Ratios

A

A way of expressing proportions of a whole population

21
Q

Frequency table

A

Shows the tally of behaviours

22
Q

Pie chard

A

Show each behaviour as a proportion of the total

23
Q

Line graph

A

Useful to show behaviour over time

24
Q

Bar chart

A

Useful and meaningful way of presenting data

25
Q

Histogram

A

Can only be used if the data is continuous (0-3 4-6)

26
Q

Scatter diagram

A

Graph that represents a correlation
Psychologists can work out direction and strength of the correlation
They show any outliers

27
Q

Proportionality

A

As one variable increases by a certain amount, the other increases by the same proportion

28
Q

Inverse proportion

A

If one variables doubles, the other will half

29
Q

Convert a fraction to a percentage

A

Divide top by bottom times 100

30
Q

Convert percentage to fraction

A

Write down the percentage over 100. Simplify the fraction, if it isn’t a whole number, multiply top and bottom by 10 for every no after decimal point

31
Q

To find the amount a percentage represents

A

Divide the amount/total by 100 and times by the percentage

32
Q

To find the number represented by a fraction

A

Divide amount/total by bottom and times it by the top

33
Q

Normal distribution curve

A

Data about behaviour from a representative sample of a target population will be a curve of normal distribution
A normal curve is when all the measures of central tendency occur at the highest point of the curve

34
Q

Skewed distribution curve

A

When the distribution curve represents data from an unusual set of data (mean diff from mode)

35
Q

Negatively skewed curve

A

Fewer people at the lower end and more at the higher end of the scores
Mean and mode are different

36
Q

Positively skewed curve

A

Most the population have more low scores than high

37
Q

Probability

A

Psychologists want to know what the probability is that the IV affected the DV, if there is a low probability they won’t believe it had an affect

38
Q

Level of significance

A

The level that psychologists reject the null hypothesis is 95% (95% chance IV affected the DV and 5% chance it being due to chance)
If there was a need for the results to be as certain as possible (impacting society) it can be set at 99% or if the sample is small it can be set at 90%

39
Q

What does p

A

Probability of results being due to chance is less than 5%

40
Q

How do psychologists find out the significance level?

A

Using statistical tests

41
Q

Inferential statistical tests

A 
Chi square
Binomial sign
Mann Whitney U
Wilcoxon signed rank 
Chi square
Spearmans rho
42
Q

Criteria for using a non parametric inferential test

A

What level of data is being used
Is it a test of difference or correlation
If it is a test of difference does it use am independent or repeated measures design

43
Q

Criteria for using a parametric test

A

The data has to be interval or ratio
The data has to have a curve of normal distribution
The variances should be similar
Should be no extreme scores

44
Q

Type 1 error

A

Accepting the alternative hypothesis when there is no difference
We believe IV has affected DV when it hasn’t
Behaviour is due to chance
Conducting to lenient of a test
Can avoid this by setting significance level higher (0.01) but this might cause a type 2 error

45
Q

Type 2 error

A

Rejecting the alternative hypothesis and accepting a null hypothesis when the IV is actually affecting the DV
Being too strict and setting the significance level too high

46
Q

What is raw data?

A

The data that psychologists collect for each participant

Psychology - Research Methods (6 decks)

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