Data Recording, Analysis And Presentation

Question 1

How is raw data designed?

Answer 1

By using a tally short which summarises the data

Question 2

What’s the use of raw data tables?

Answer 2

To get an overview of the data and see if there are any anomalies so the correct measure of central tendency can be used

Question 3

Nominal level data

Answer 3

Categories of behaviour

Doesn’t tell us anything about the behaviour

Question 4

Ordinal level data

Answer 4

Ranked order

Shows what ppts did the behaviour most or least

Question 5

Interval level data

Answer 5

Level of measurement

Very Detailed as tells us most bout each ppt

Question 6

Ratio level data

Answer 6

Type of interval

Data can’t go below 0

Question 7

Primary data

Answer 7

Carry out own research and data is gathered directly from participants
Researcher knows exactly what controls were put in place etc but sometimes psychologists can’t carry out research themselves

Question 8

Secondary data

Answer 8

Data that already exists
Good as can gather data that is too expensive to carry out by psychologists
May not be valid or reliable and there may be EV’s

Question 9

Qualitative data

Answer 9

Data in form of words
Tells us experiences of ppts
Hard for comparisons to be made

Question 10

Quantitative data

Answer 10

Data in the form of numbers
Allows comparisons to be made
Easily summarised
Reliability is easy to be found as results can be repeated

Question 11

Measures of central tendency

Answer 11

Mean
Median
Mode

Question 12

What measure of central tendency do you use with interval level data?

Answer 12

Mean

Question 13

What measure of central tendency do you use with ordinal level data?

Answer 13

Median

Question 14

What measure of central tendency do you use with nominal level data?

Answer 14

Mode

Question 15

Measures of dispersion

Answer 15

Range
Variance
Standard deviation

Question 16

Range

Answer 16

Subtract lowest from highest and add 1 or 0.1

Question 17

What measure of dispersion do you use with interval level data?

Answer 17

Standard deviation and range

Question 18

Variance

Answer 18

Measures how much a set of numbers is spread out
0 variance shows they are identical
A small variance shows they are close to each other
A high variance shows the data is spread out

Question 19

Standard deviation

Answer 19

More detailed as it uses every piece of data

Question 20

Ratios

Answer 20

A way of expressing proportions of a whole population

Question 21

Frequency table

Answer 21

Shows the tally of behaviours

Question 22

Pie chard

Answer 22

Show each behaviour as a proportion of the total

Question 23

Line graph

Answer 23

Useful to show behaviour over time

Question 24

Bar chart

Answer 24

Useful and meaningful way of presenting data

Question 25

Histogram

Answer 25

Can only be used if the data is continuous (0-3 4-6)

Question 26

Scatter diagram

Answer 26

Graph that represents a correlation Psychologists can work out direction and strength of the correlation They show any outliers

Question 27

Proportionality

Answer 27

As one variable increases by a certain amount, the other increases by the same proportion

Question 28

Inverse proportion

Answer 28

If one variables doubles, the other will half

Question 29

Convert a fraction to a percentage

Answer 29

Divide top by bottom times 100

Question 30

Convert percentage to fraction

Answer 30

Write down the percentage over 100. Simplify the fraction, if it isn't a whole number, multiply top and bottom by 10 for every no after decimal point

Question 31

To find the amount a percentage represents

Answer 31

Divide the amount/total by 100 and times by the percentage

Question 32

To find the number represented by a fraction

Answer 32

Divide amount/total by bottom and times it by the top

Question 33

Normal distribution curve

Answer 33

Data about behaviour from a representative sample of a target population will be a curve of normal distribution A normal curve is when all the measures of central tendency occur at the highest point of the curve

Question 34

Skewed distribution curve

Answer 34

When the distribution curve represents data from an unusual set of data (mean diff from mode)

Question 35

Negatively skewed curve

Answer 35

Fewer people at the lower end and more at the higher end of the scores Mean and mode are different

Question 36

Positively skewed curve

Answer 36

Most the population have more low scores than high

Question 37

Probability

Answer 37

Psychologists want to know what the probability is that the IV affected the DV, if there is a low probability they won't believe it had an affect

Question 38

Level of significance

Answer 38

The level that psychologists reject the null hypothesis is 95% (95% chance IV affected the DV and 5% chance it being due to chance) If there was a need for the results to be as certain as possible (impacting society) it can be set at 99% or if the sample is small it can be set at 90%

Question 39

What does p

Answer 39

Probability of results being due to chance is less than 5%

Question 40

How do psychologists find out the significance level?

Answer 40

Using statistical tests

Question 41

Inferential statistical tests

Answer 41

``` Chi square Binomial sign Mann Whitney U Wilcoxon signed rank Chi square Spearmans rho ```

Question 42

Criteria for using a non parametric inferential test

Answer 42

What level of data is being used Is it a test of difference or correlation If it is a test of difference does it use am independent or repeated measures design

Question 43

Criteria for using a parametric test

Answer 43

The data has to be interval or ratio The data has to have a curve of normal distribution The variances should be similar Should be no extreme scores

Question 44

Type 1 error

Answer 44

Accepting the alternative hypothesis when there is no difference We believe IV has affected DV when it hasn't Behaviour is due to chance Conducting to lenient of a test Can avoid this by setting significance level higher (0.01) but this might cause a type 2 error

Question 45

Type 2 error

Answer 45

Rejecting the alternative hypothesis and accepting a null hypothesis when the IV is actually affecting the DV Being too strict and setting the significance level too high

Question 46

What is raw data?

Answer 46

The data that psychologists collect for each participant