Data Management Part 1

Question 1

• is a process by which information is acquired and processed to ensure the accessibility and reliability of the data for its users.
• One of the most important tool in processing and managing such information is statistics.

Answer 1

Data Management

Question 2

• is a science which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data so as to give a more meaningful information.
• subdivided into two branches, namely: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Answer 2

Statistics

Question 3

• refers to the collection, organization, summary, and presentation of data
• Examples are the measures of location, measures of variability, skewness and kurtosis.

Answer 3

Descriptive Statistics

Question 4

• deals with the interpretation and analysis of data where conclusion is drawn based from the subset of the population.
• Examples are hypothesis testing and regression analysis

Answer 4

Inferential statistics

Question 5

5 stages in statistical investigation

Answer 5

1. Collection of Data
2. Organization of data
3. Presentation of data
4. Analysis of data.
5. Interpretation of data.

Question 6

• Is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values in different persons, places, or things.
• includes age, race, gender, intelligence, personality type, attitudes, ethnic group or patients, height, weight, heart rate, marital status, eye color, etc.

Answer 6

Variable

Question 7

• data which can assume values that manifest the concept of attributes.
• are sometimes called categorical data.
• e.g. person’s gender, home town, birthdate, post code, marital status, eye color, etc.

Answer 7

Qualitative variables

Question 8

• data are obtained from counting or measuring.
• Numerical data which represents the numerical value i.e. how much, how often, how many
• Numerical data gives information about the quantities of a specific thing e.g. height, length, weight, test score, and so on.

Answer 8

Quantitative variables

Question 9

• contains only a finite number of possible values.
• this type of data can’t be measured but it can be counted. e.g. number of students in a class

Answer 9

Discrete variables

Question 10

• Continuous data has an infinite number of probable values that can be selected within a given range.
• This type of data can’t be counted but it can be measured. e.g. temperature range

Answer 10

Continuous variable

Question 11

Levels of measurement:
* values in the variable are used to label or classify variables. It has no order.
* words, letters and alpha numeric symbols can be used.

Answer 11

Nominal

Question 12

Levels of measurement:
* values represent discrete and ordered units. It follows a natural order

Answer 12

Ordinal

Question 13

Levels of measurement:
* values tell the distances between the measurements in addition to the classification and ordering. It does not have a true zero point.

Answer 13

Interval

Question 14

Levels of measurement:
* is the most informative level of measurement. The combination of first three levels of measurements. It also order units that have the same difference.

Answer 14

Ratio

Question 15

the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about

Answer 15

population

Question 16

is a way of selecting individual members or a subset of the population to make statistical inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Answer 16

sampling methods

Question 17

the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.

Answer 17

sample

Question 18

means that every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research

Answer 18

Probability sampling

Question 19

involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data. It is often used in exploratory and qualitative research

Answer 19

non-probability sampling

Question 20

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population. Two ways of: lottery or fishbowl technique and table of random numbers.

Answer 20

simple random sampling

Question 21

is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals

Answer 21

systematic sampling

Question 22

involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Sometimes referred to as “area sampling”

Answer 22

Cluster sampling

Question 23

to use this sampling method, divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).

Answer 23

stratified random sampling

Question 24

simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher

Answer 24

convenience sampling

Question 25

are always at least somewhat biased, as some people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.

Answer 25

voluntary response sampling

Question 26

also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.

Answer 26

purposive sampling

Question 27

can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.

Answer 27

snowball sampling

Question 28

provide raw information and first-hand evidence

Answer 28

primary sources

Question 29

provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers.

Answer 29

secondary sources

Question 30

the researcher asks questions of a large sampling of people, either by direct _____ or means of mass communication such as by phone or mail. This method is by far the most common means of data gathering

Answer 30

interviews

Question 31

data gathering is an indirect interview, used when potential respondents know why they're being asked questions and hesitate to answer. The interviewees get an incomplete question, and they must fill in the rest, using their opinions, feelings, and attitudes

Answer 31

projective technique

Question 32

each expert answers questions in their field of specialty, and the replies are consolidated into a single opinion

Answer 32

delphi technique

Question 33

like interviews, are a commonly used technique. The group consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a dozen people, led by a moderator, brought together to discuss the issue

Answer 33

focus groups

Question 34

are a simple, straightforward data collection method. Respondents get a series of questions, either open or close ended, related to the matter at hand

Answer 34

questionnaires

Question 35

In this method, collected data are presented in narrative and paragraph forms. This mode of presentation combines text and figures in a statistic

Answer 35

textual presentation

Question 36

This mode of presentation is better than textual form. The data are systematically presented through tables consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings for an easier and more comprehensible comparison of figures.al report.

Answer 36

tabular presentation

Question 37

Data gathered are presented in visual or pictorial form. This would enable the researcher to get clear view of the relationships of data through pictures and colored maps

Answer 37

graphical presentation

Question 38

It is the most widely used practical device effective in showing a trend over a period.

Answer 38

line graph

Question 39

It is the simplest form of graphic presentation. It is generally intended for comparison of simple magnitude. It may be either horizontal or vertical

Answer 39

bar graph

Question 40

It is a circle divided into parts whose sizes are proportional to the magnitude or percentages they represent. It is used to show component parts of a whole.

Answer 40

Circle graph or pie chart

Question 41

Graphical presentation that uses pictorial symbols for population to indicate data.

Answer 41

pictograph

Question 42

a tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or grouping according to magnitude or size.

Answer 42

frequency distribution (table)

Question 43

The end numbers of a class. It is the highest and the lowest values that can go into each class

Answer 43

class limits

Question 44

Are the “true” class limits defined by lower and upper boundaries

Answer 44

class boundaries

Question 45

Also known as class midpoint. It is the average of the lower and upper limits or boundaries of each class. It may be represented by the letter x.

Answer 45

class mark

Question 46

The range values used in defining a class. It is simply the length of each class. It is the difference or distance between the upper and lower class boundaries of each class, and is affected by the nature of the data and by the number of classes

Answer 46

class interval

Question 47

The width of each class interval.

Answer 47

class size

Question 48

This is derived by getting the ratio of the number of items in each class to the total number of frequency. This may be expressed in percent. Its total sum must be equal to 100%

Answer 48

relative frequency distribution

Question 49

is desired to determine the number or percentage of values “greater than” or “lesser than” a specified value

Answer 49

cumulative frequency

Question 50

is a special bar graph constructed by plotting the class boundaries on the horizontal axis against frequencies plotted on the vertical axis. When class intervals have uniform width the width of the bar must also be uniform

Answer 50

histogram

Question 51

a closed broken line curve constructed by plotting the class marks on the horizontal or x-axis against the class frequencies which are plotted on the vertical y-axis.

Answer 51

frequency polygon

Question 52

* is the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution. It is constructed by plotting the class boundaries on the horizontal or x-axis against the cumulative “less than” and “more than” frequencies plotted on the vertical or y-axis * may look like an open pair of scissors

Answer 52

O-give curve