Data interpretation Flashcards
Name 3 causes of microcytic anaemia
IDA
Thalassemia
Chronic disease
Sideroblastic
Name 3 causes of normocytic anaemia
Acute blood loss
Chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure
Combined haemotynic def
Name 3 causes of macrocytic anaemia
B12 - Prenicius anaemia
Folate
Alcoholism
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Reticulocytosis
Name 4 causes of B12 def
Pernicious anaemia
Atrophic gastritis
Gastrectomy
Poor dietary intake - vegans
chronic alcoholism
IBD - Chrons
Name 4 causes of folate deficiency
Dietary - alcoholism
Pregnancy
Malabsorption - coeliac/chrons
Phenytoin
Methotrexate
Trimethoprim
Name 3 clincial features of HYPOnatraemia
N+V
Headache
confusion
Seizures
Reduced consciousness
Name 3 causes of hypovolaemic Hyponatraemia
Addisons disease
Diuretics
D+V
Burns
Name 3 causes of euvolaemic Hyponatraemia
SIADH
Hypothyroidism
Name 3 causes of hypervolaemic Hyponatraemia
CCF
Hypoalbuminaemia - cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome
Hyponatremia investigations
Plasma osmolality - confirm true hyponatraemia
Urinary sodium and osmolality
Specific tests - Addison’s / SIADH
Describe the investigations for Addisons disease
Syncathen test - short acting ACTH
9am cortisol screening test
Describe the investigations for SIADH
Confirmed by:
Low plasma osmolality
AND
High urine osmolality
Describe the clinical presentation of hypernatraemia
Thirst
confusion
Muscle twitching / spasms
Name 1 cause of euvolaemic hypernatraemia
Drips - Excess Na+ containing fluids
Name 2 causes of hypovolaemic hypernatraemia
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus
Describe the investigations for hypernatraemia
Urine and serum osmolality
Fluid deprivation test - Diabetes insipidus
Name 5 causes of SIADH
S - Small cell lung cancer
I - Infection
A - Abscess
D - Drugs (Carbamazepine / Anti-psychotics)
H - Head injury
Describe the clinical presentation of Hypokalaemia
Arrhythmias
Tremor
Muscle weakness
Constipation
Name 5 causes of Hypokalaemia
Drugs - Loop / thiazide
D+V
Renal tubular acidosis
Hypomagnesaemia
Endocrine - Cushing’s / Hyperaldosteronism
Name 4 causes of hyperkalaemia
DREAD
Drugs - ACEi
Renal failure - AKI
E - Endocrine (Addisons)
A - Artefact
D - DKA
Tumour lysis
Haemolysis
Crush injury
Name 4 causes of thrombocytopenia
Decreased production:
- BM infiltration
- Myelosupression
- Drugs (Penicillamine)
- Viral infection
Increased destruction
- DIC
- TTP
- HUS
- HIT
- ITP
Name 4 causes of thrombocytosis
Bleeding
Post splenectomy
Myeloproliferative disorders
Name 4 features of digoxin toxicity
Confusion
Nausea
Visual halo
Arrhythmia
Name 4 features of lithium toxicity
Tremor
lethargy
seizure
renal failure
diabetes insipidus
Name 4 features of phenytoin toxicity
gum hypertrophy
ataxia
nystagmus
P. neuropathy
