Data interpretation

Question 1

Name 3 causes of microcytic anaemia

Answer 1

IDA
Thalassemia
Chronic disease
Sideroblastic

Question 2

Name 3 causes of normocytic anaemia

Answer 2

Acute blood loss
Chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure
Combined haemotynic def

Question 3

Name 3 causes of macrocytic anaemia

Answer 3

B12 - Prenicius anaemia
Folate
Alcoholism
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Reticulocytosis

Question 4

Name 4 causes of B12 def

Answer 4

Pernicious anaemia
Atrophic gastritis
Gastrectomy
Poor dietary intake - vegans
chronic alcoholism
IBD - Chrons

Question 5

Name 4 causes of folate deficiency

Answer 5

Dietary - alcoholism
Pregnancy
Malabsorption - coeliac/chrons
Phenytoin
Methotrexate
Trimethoprim

Question 6

Name 3 clincial features of HYPOnatraemia

Answer 6

N+V
Headache
confusion
Seizures
Reduced consciousness

Question 7

Name 3 causes of hypovolaemic Hyponatraemia

Answer 7

Addisons disease
Diuretics
D+V
Burns

Question 8

Name 3 causes of euvolaemic Hyponatraemia

Answer 8

SIADH
Hypothyroidism

Question 9

Name 3 causes of hypervolaemic Hyponatraemia

Answer 9

CCF
Hypoalbuminaemia - cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome

Question 10

Hyponatremia investigations

Answer 10

Plasma osmolality - confirm true hyponatraemia
Urinary sodium and osmolality

Specific tests - Addison’s / SIADH

Question 11

Describe the investigations for Addisons disease

Answer 11

Syncathen test - short acting ACTH

9am cortisol screening test

Question 12

Describe the investigations for SIADH

Answer 12

Confirmed by:
Low plasma osmolality
AND
High urine osmolality

Question 13

Describe the clinical presentation of hypernatraemia

Answer 13

Thirst
confusion
Muscle twitching / spasms

Question 14

Name 1 cause of euvolaemic hypernatraemia

Answer 14

Drips - Excess Na+ containing fluids

Question 15

Name 2 causes of hypovolaemic hypernatraemia

Answer 15

Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus

Question 16

Describe the investigations for hypernatraemia

Answer 16

Urine and serum osmolality
Fluid deprivation test - Diabetes insipidus

Question 17

Name 5 causes of SIADH

Answer 17

S - Small cell lung cancer
I - Infection
A - Abscess
D - Drugs (Carbamazepine / Anti-psychotics)
H - Head injury

Question 18

Describe the clinical presentation of Hypokalaemia

Answer 18

Arrhythmias
Tremor
Muscle weakness
Constipation

Question 19

Name 5 causes of Hypokalaemia

Answer 19

Drugs - Loop / thiazide
D+V
Renal tubular acidosis
Hypomagnesaemia
Endocrine - Cushing’s / Hyperaldosteronism

Question 20

Name 4 causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 20

DREAD
Drugs - ACEi
Renal failure - AKI
E - Endocrine (Addisons)
A - Artefact
D - DKA

Tumour lysis
Haemolysis
Crush injury

Question 21

Name 4 causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 21

Decreased production:
- BM infiltration
- Myelosupression
- Drugs (Penicillamine)
- Viral infection

Increased destruction
- DIC
- TTP
- HUS
- HIT
- ITP

Question 22

Name 4 causes of thrombocytosis

Answer 22

Bleeding
Post splenectomy
Myeloproliferative disorders

Question 23

Name 4 features of digoxin toxicity

Answer 23

Confusion
Nausea
Visual halo
Arrhythmia

Question 24

Name 4 features of lithium toxicity

Answer 24

Tremor
lethargy
seizure
renal failure
diabetes insipidus

Question 25

Name 4 features of phenytoin toxicity

Answer 25

gum hypertrophy
ataxia
nystagmus
P. neuropathy