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Data interp: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

IDA
Chronic disease
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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2
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow infiltration

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3
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A 
B12/folate def
Alcohol
Reticulocytosis
Hypothyroidism
Multiple myeloma
Myeloproliferative disorders
Myelodysplasia
Aplastic anaemia
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4
Q

Normal Hb range in men?

A

135 - 180 g/L

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5
Q

Normal Hb range in women?

A

115 - 160 g/L

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6
Q

Normal mean cell volume?

A

76 - 96 fl

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7
Q

Normal packed cell volume in males?

A

0.4 - 0.54

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8
Q

Normal packed cell volume in females?

A

0.37 - 0.47

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9
Q

Normal WCC?

A

4 - 11 x10^9/L

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10
Q

Normal Neutrophil count?

A

2 - 7.5 x10^9/L

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11
Q

Normal lymphocyte count?

A

1.5 - 4 x10^9/L

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12
Q

Normal eosinophil count?

A

0.04 - 0.4 x10^9/L

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13
Q

Normal monocyte count?

A

0.2 - 0.8 x10^9/L

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14
Q

Normal basophil count?

A

0 - 0.1 x10^9/L

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15
Q

Normal platelet count?

A

150 - 400 x10^9/L

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16
Q

Normal reticulocyte count?

A

0.5 - 2.5% of RBC

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17
Q

Normal ESR in males?

A

0-15 mm/h

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18
Q

Normal ESR in females?

A

0 - 22 mm/h

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19
Q

Normal HbA1c level?

A

20 - 42 mmol/mol

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20
Q

Diabetic HbA1c level?

A

48+ mmol/mol

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21
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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22
Q

Where is vit B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

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23
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Throughout small bowel

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24
Q

Findings in intravascular haemolysis?

A

Low haptoglobins
Haemosiderinuria
Methaemalbumin (Schumm test)

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25
Classification of haemolytic anaemia?
Inherited and acquired
26
Inherited causes of haemolytic anaemia?
Abnormal RBC membrane: Spherocytes Elliptocytes Abnormal haemoglobin: Thalassaemia Sickle cell anaemia Abnormal RBC metabolism: Pyruvate kinase deficiency G6PD deficiency
27
Acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia?
``` Autoimmune: Warm/cold haemagglutinin Abs Transfusion reaction Haemolytic disease of the newborn Adverse drug reaction ``` ``` Non-immune: Malaria Microangiopathic anaemia Hypersplenism Mechanical heart valve PNH Burns ```
28
Classification of polycythaemia?
True / Apparent True -> Primary / Secondary
29
Causes of apparent polycythaemia?
Dehydration | Gaisbock Syndrome
30
Causes of true polycythaemia?
Primary: Polycythaemia rubra vera Secondary: Hypoxia - Lung disease, cyanotic HD, smoking, altitude ^EPO - Renal (RCC, PKD), adrenal tumour, HCC, cerebellar haemangioblastoma
31
Common causes of neutrophilia?
``` Bacterial infection Inflammation Tissue necrosis Corticosteroid treatment Malignancy Myeloproliferative disorders Metabolic disorders eg. renal failure ```
32
Common causes of neutropaenia?
Post-chemo/radio ADR (eg. clozapine, carbimazole) Viral infection Felty Syndrome
33
Common causes of lymphocytosis?
Viral infection Chronic infections (eg. TB) CLL Lymphomas
34
Common causes of eosinophilia?
``` Allergic disorders Parasitic infection Hypereosinophilic syndrome Skin disease (eg. eczema) Malignancy (eg. Hodgkin disease) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ```
35
Classification of thrombocytosis?
Primary / reactive
36
Primary causes of thrombocytosis?
Essential thrombocythaemia / MPD CML Myelodysplasia
37
Reactive causes of thrombocytosis?
``` Infection Inflammation Malignancy Bleeding Pregnancy Post-splenectomy ```
38
Causes of thrombocytopaenia?
``` Reduced production: Infection (esp. viral) Drug-induced (eg. penicillamine) Lekaemia Aplastic anaemia Myelofibrosis Tumour replacement (myeloma/mets) Myelodysplasia Megaloblastic anaemia ``` ``` Increased destruction: ITP HIT Hypersplenism TTP/HUS DIC After massive transfusion ```
39
Common causes of pancytopaenia?
``` Aplastic anaemia Bone marrow infiltration Hypersplenism Megaloblastic anaemia Sepsis SLE ```
40
Common causes of raised ESR?
``` Infection Neoplasia Connective tissue disease Anaemia Renal disease ```
41
Hypochromic red cells on blood film suggest?
Iron deficiency | Defective Hb synthesis
42
Microcytosis on blood film suggests?
Iron deficiency | Defective Hb synthesis
43
Macrocytosis on blood film suggests?
Megaloblastic anaemia (B12/folate def) Alcoholism Liver disease
44
Pencil cells on blood film suggest?
Iron deficiency
45
Spherocytes on blood film suggest?
Hereditary spherocytosis Haemaolytic anaemia Burns
46
Elliptocytes on blood film suggest?
Hereditary elliptocytosis Thalassaemia major Iron deficiency
47
Acanthocytes (spiky cells) on blood film suggest?
Abetalipoproteinaemia Post-splenectomy Liver disease
48
Target cells on blood film suggest?
Thalassaemia Iron deficiency Post-splenectomy Liver disease
49
Stomatocytes (mouth shaped area of pallor) on blood film suggest?
Hereditary stomatocytosis Alcoholism Liver disease
50
Ecchinocytes (burr cells) on blood film suggest?
Post-splenectomy Liver disease Uraemia
51
Sickle cells on blood film suggest?
Sickle cell anamia (homozygous HbS disease)
52
Fragmented cells on blood film suggest?
``` Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia HUS TTP Mechanical heart valves DIC ```
53
Tear-cells on blood film suggest?
Myelofibrosis | Extramedullary haematopoiesis
54
Poikilocytosis on blood film suggests?
Iron deficiency | Many other causes
55
Anisochromia (varying shades of colour) on blood film suggests?
Iron deficiency
56
Heinz bodies on blood film suggest?
``` Unstable haemoglobin states: G6PD deficiency Chronic liver disease Alpha-Thalassaemia Post-splenectomy ```
57
Howell-Jolly bodies on blood film suggest?
``` Hyposplenism Post-splenectomy Megaloblastic anaemia Severe haemolytic anaemia Hereditary spherocytosis Myelodysplastic syndrome ```
58
Pappenheimer bodies on blood film suggest?
Post-splenectomy Haemolytic anaemia Sideroblastic anaemia
59
Basophilic stippling on blood film suggests?
Lead poisoning Thalassaemia Myelodysplastic syndrome
60
Cabot rings on blood film suggest?
Myelodysplastic syndrome | Megaloblastic anaemia
61
Hypersegmented neutrophils on blood film suggest?
Megaloblastic anaemia | Chronic infection
62
Toxic granulation of neutrophils on blood film suggests?
Bacterial infection Burns Poisoning Chemotherapy
63
Auer rods on blood film suggest?
AML
64
Smear cells on blood film suggest?
CLL
65
Leukoerythroblastic blood film - definition?
Immature red and white blood cells seen in peripheral blood film
66
Causes of a leukoerythroblastic blood film?
Bone marrow infiltration Idiopathic myelofibrosis Severe sepsis Haemolysis
67
Clotting factors affecting PT?
I, II, V, VII, X

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