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Lists > Data interp: Haematology > Flashcards

Data interp: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

IDA
Chronic disease
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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2
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow infiltration

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3
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A 
B12/folate def
Alcohol
Reticulocytosis
Hypothyroidism
Multiple myeloma
Myeloproliferative disorders
Myelodysplasia
Aplastic anaemia
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4
Q

Normal Hb range in men?

A

135 - 180 g/L

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5
Q

Normal Hb range in women?

A

115 - 160 g/L

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6
Q

Normal mean cell volume?

A

76 - 96 fl

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7
Q

Normal packed cell volume in males?

A

0.4 - 0.54

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8
Q

Normal packed cell volume in females?

A

0.37 - 0.47

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9
Q

Normal WCC?

A

4 - 11 x10^9/L

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10
Q

Normal Neutrophil count?

A

2 - 7.5 x10^9/L

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11
Q

Normal lymphocyte count?

A

1.5 - 4 x10^9/L

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12
Q

Normal eosinophil count?

A

0.04 - 0.4 x10^9/L

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13
Q

Normal monocyte count?

A

0.2 - 0.8 x10^9/L

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14
Q

Normal basophil count?

A

0 - 0.1 x10^9/L

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15
Q

Normal platelet count?

A

150 - 400 x10^9/L

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16
Q

Normal reticulocyte count?

A

0.5 - 2.5% of RBC

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17
Q

Normal ESR in males?

A

0-15 mm/h

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18
Q

Normal ESR in females?

A

0 - 22 mm/h

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19
Q

Normal HbA1c level?

A

20 - 42 mmol/mol

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20
Q

Diabetic HbA1c level?

A

48+ mmol/mol

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21
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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22
Q

Where is vit B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

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23
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Throughout small bowel

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24
Q

Findings in intravascular haemolysis?

A

Low haptoglobins
Haemosiderinuria
Methaemalbumin (Schumm test)

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25
Q

Classification of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Inherited and acquired

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26
Q

Inherited causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Abnormal RBC membrane:
Spherocytes
Elliptocytes

Abnormal haemoglobin:
Thalassaemia
Sickle cell anaemia

Abnormal RBC metabolism:
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
G6PD deficiency

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27
Q

Acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A 
Autoimmune:
Warm/cold haemagglutinin Abs
Transfusion reaction
Haemolytic disease of the newborn
Adverse drug reaction
Non-immune:
Malaria
Microangiopathic anaemia
Hypersplenism
Mechanical heart valve
PNH
Burns
28
Q

Classification of polycythaemia?

A

True / Apparent

True -> Primary / Secondary

29
Q

Causes of apparent polycythaemia?

A

Dehydration

Gaisbock Syndrome

30
Q

Causes of true polycythaemia?

A

Primary:
Polycythaemia rubra vera

Secondary:
Hypoxia - Lung disease, cyanotic HD, smoking, altitude
^EPO - Renal (RCC, PKD), adrenal tumour, HCC, cerebellar haemangioblastoma

31
Q

Common causes of neutrophilia?

A 
Bacterial infection
Inflammation
Tissue necrosis
Corticosteroid treatment
Malignancy
Myeloproliferative disorders
Metabolic disorders eg. renal failure
32
Q

Common causes of neutropaenia?

A

Post-chemo/radio
ADR (eg. clozapine, carbimazole)
Viral infection
Felty Syndrome

33
Q

Common causes of lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infection
Chronic infections (eg. TB)
CLL
Lymphomas

34
Q

Common causes of eosinophilia?

A 
Allergic disorders
Parasitic infection
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Skin disease (eg. eczema)
Malignancy (eg. Hodgkin disease)
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
35
Q

Classification of thrombocytosis?

A

Primary / reactive

36
Q

Primary causes of thrombocytosis?

A

Essential thrombocythaemia / MPD
CML
Myelodysplasia

37
Q

Reactive causes of thrombocytosis?

A 
Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy
Bleeding
Pregnancy
Post-splenectomy
38
Q

Causes of thrombocytopaenia?

A 
Reduced production:
Infection (esp. viral)
Drug-induced (eg. penicillamine)
Lekaemia
Aplastic anaemia
Myelofibrosis
Tumour replacement (myeloma/mets)
Myelodysplasia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Increased destruction:
ITP
HIT
Hypersplenism
TTP/HUS
DIC
After massive transfusion
39
Q

Common causes of pancytopaenia?

A 
Aplastic anaemia
Bone marrow infiltration
Hypersplenism
Megaloblastic anaemia
Sepsis
SLE
40
Q

Common causes of raised ESR?

A 
Infection
Neoplasia
Connective tissue disease
Anaemia
Renal disease
41
Q

Hypochromic red cells on blood film suggest?

A

Iron deficiency

Defective Hb synthesis

42
Q

Microcytosis on blood film suggests?

A

Iron deficiency

Defective Hb synthesis

43
Q

Macrocytosis on blood film suggests?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia (B12/folate def)
Alcoholism
Liver disease

44
Q

Pencil cells on blood film suggest?

A

Iron deficiency

45
Q

Spherocytes on blood film suggest?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis
Haemaolytic anaemia
Burns

46
Q

Elliptocytes on blood film suggest?

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis
Thalassaemia major
Iron deficiency

47
Q

Acanthocytes (spiky cells) on blood film suggest?

A

Abetalipoproteinaemia
Post-splenectomy
Liver disease

48
Q

Target cells on blood film suggest?

A

Thalassaemia
Iron deficiency
Post-splenectomy
Liver disease

49
Q

Stomatocytes (mouth shaped area of pallor) on blood film suggest?

A

Hereditary stomatocytosis
Alcoholism
Liver disease

50
Q

Ecchinocytes (burr cells) on blood film suggest?

A

Post-splenectomy
Liver disease
Uraemia

51
Q

Sickle cells on blood film suggest?

A

Sickle cell anamia (homozygous HbS disease)

52
Q

Fragmented cells on blood film suggest?

A 
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
HUS
TTP
Mechanical heart valves
DIC
53
Q

Tear-cells on blood film suggest?

A

Myelofibrosis

Extramedullary haematopoiesis

54
Q

Poikilocytosis on blood film suggests?

A

Iron deficiency

Many other causes

55
Q

Anisochromia (varying shades of colour) on blood film suggests?

A

Iron deficiency

56
Q

Heinz bodies on blood film suggest?

A 
Unstable haemoglobin states:
G6PD deficiency
Chronic liver disease
Alpha-Thalassaemia
Post-splenectomy
57
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies on blood film suggest?

A 
Hyposplenism
Post-splenectomy
Megaloblastic anaemia
Severe haemolytic anaemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Myelodysplastic syndrome
58
Q

Pappenheimer bodies on blood film suggest?

A

Post-splenectomy
Haemolytic anaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

59
Q

Basophilic stippling on blood film suggests?

A

Lead poisoning
Thalassaemia
Myelodysplastic syndrome

60
Q

Cabot rings on blood film suggest?

A

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Megaloblastic anaemia

61
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils on blood film suggest?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Chronic infection

62
Q

Toxic granulation of neutrophils on blood film suggests?

A

Bacterial infection
Burns
Poisoning
Chemotherapy

63
Q

Auer rods on blood film suggest?

A

AML

64
Q

Smear cells on blood film suggest?

A

CLL

65
Q

Leukoerythroblastic blood film - definition?

A

Immature red and white blood cells seen in peripheral blood film

66
Q

Causes of a leukoerythroblastic blood film?

A

Bone marrow infiltration
Idiopathic myelofibrosis
Severe sepsis
Haemolysis

67
Q

Clotting factors affecting PT?

A

I, II, V, VII, X

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