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AS/A2 Research Methods > Data Handling and Analysis (Research Methods) > Flashcards

Data Handling and Analysis (Research Methods) Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitative data

A

Expressed in words, in depth-non numerical (thoughts, feelings etc).

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2
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical data

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3
Q

Primary data

A

Obtained first hand by the researcher for the purpose of the current study

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4
Q

Secondary Data

A

Information already collected by others or already in existence so pre-dates current project

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5
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Combining the findings from a number of studies on a particular topic for an overall conclusion

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6
Q

Examples of descriptive statistics

A

Central tendency, measures of dispersion, charts and graphs

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7
Q

Measures of central tendency show what

A

The average of a set of data (mean, median or mode)

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8
Q

The mean is..

A

found by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores - the arithmetic average

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9
Q

The median is..

A

The central/middle value (once all data is in order)

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10
Q

The mode is…

A

The most frequently occurring value

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11
Q

Strength of the mean

A

Most representative as it uses all the data scores

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12
Q

Weakness of the mean

A

Easily distorted by outliers

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13
Q

Strength of the median

A

Unaffected by extreme scores/outliers

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14
Q

Weakness of the median

A

Less sensitive (ignores extreme values that may be important!)

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15
Q

Strength of the mode

A

easy to calculate

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15
Q

Weakness of the mode

A

Crude, not very useful, doesn’t represent all the data, might me more than one!

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15
Q

Measures of dispersion show..

A

The spread of data (range or standard deviation)

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16
Q

The range is

A

overall data spread. Biggest value minus the smallest value

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17
Q

Strength of the range

A

Easy to calcuate

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18
Q

Weakness of the range

A

Doesn’t take into account all data, extreme values only

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19
Q

The standard deviation is

A

a measure of the average deviation from the mean

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20
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

Step 1: Find the mean.
Step 2: For each data point, find the square of its distance to the mean.
Step 3: Sum the values from Step 2.
Step 4: Divide by the number of data points.
Step 5: Take the square root.

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21
Q

What type of graph should I use to represent the strength and direction of a correlation?

A

Scatter graph/Scattergram

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22
Q

When plotting a scatter gram which co-variable goes on the X axis?

A

It doesn’t matter!

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23
Q

What type of graph represents the frequency of each variable by the height of its spaced columns and is only used with Discrete data?

A

Bar Chart

24
Q

When plotting a bar chart which variable goes on the X axis?

A

The categories (the IV)

25
Q

What type of graph displays continuous data and uses the height and width of touching bars to show frequency?

A

Histogram

26
Q

The X axis of a histogram must start at..

A

True 0

27
Q

What does the Y axis of a histogram represent?

A

the frequency

28
Q

A summary table would display…

A

Raw data

29
Q

A normal distribution graph looks like…

A

a Bell curve, symetrical

30
Q

In a normal distribution the mean, median and mode are

A

The same (at the highest peak of the curve)

31
Q

In a normal distribution the tails of the curve never touch what?

A

The X axis (they are never 0)

32
Q

A distribution curve that is not symmetrical is known as..

A

a Skewed distribution

33
Q

In a positively skewed distribution the curve leans..

A

towards the Y axis

34
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, the longer tail is on the left or right?

A

The right

35
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution the curve leans..

A

away from the Y axis

36
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution, the longer tail is on the left or right?

A

left

37
Q

In a skewed distribution curve, the measures of central tendency appear in what order (starting at the top of the curve working down the tail)?

A

Mode, median, mean

38
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 1 standard deviation of the mean (either side)?

A

68%

39
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 2 standard deviations of the mean (either side)?

A

95%

40
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 3 standard deviations of the mean (either side)?

A

99.7%

41
Q

A positive correlation is

A

As one variable increases so does the other

42
Q

A negative correlation is

A

As one variable increases the other decreases

43
Q

Zero correlation is

A

No relationship between variables

44
Q

How can we tell the strength of a correlation

A

How tightly packed the points are around the line of best fit or correlation coefficient

45
Q

A statistical measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables is known as..

A

Correlation Coefficient

46
Q

Correlation Coefficient is between..

A

+1 and -1

47
Q

A correlation coefficient of 0.1-0.3 (positive or negative) is what strength relationship?

A

Weak

48
Q

A correlation coefficient of 0.4-0.6 (positive or negative) is what strength relationship?

A

Moderate

49
Q

A correlation coefficient of 0.7-0.9 (positive or negative) is what strength relationship?

A

Strong

50
Q

A correlation coefficient of 1 (positive or negative) is what strength relationship?

A

A perfect correlation

51
Q

DV Data which is in rank order (ranked or rated)

A

Ordinal data

52
Q

DV data which is categorical

A

Nominal data

53
Q

DV data which is measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale or set intervals

A

Interval data

53
Q

Which variable determined the level of data in a study?

A

Dependent variable

54
Q

Name a qualitative method of data analysis

A

Content analysis or thematic anaylsis

55
Q

In a content analysis what technique is performed on the data?

A

Coding

56
Q

Content analysis converts qualitative data to

A

Quantitative data

57
Q

Thematic analysis produces what type of data?

A

Qualitative

AS/A2 Research Methods (4 decks)

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